Ch.7 (8) Memory Flashcards
Define STM (Short Term Memory)
Holds 7 bits of info such as a phone number, 7 digits. It is easily interrupted by distraction
Define LTM (Long Term Memory)
Repetition
Define Chunking
Recode info into a larger unit
Define Redintegration (Memory)
When one memory makes you think of another memory (or something else), then makes you think of another memory/thing - one memory touches off another
Define Procedural Memory
Skill memory, like learning how to ride a bike
Define Declarative Memory
Stores factual info, like knowing the first president
Name the memories within the Declarative memory
Semantic memory and Episodic memory
Define Episodic Memory
Personal memory (remembering your first date)
Define Semantic Memory
Names of object (days of the week, months, in the year)
Name different ways of Measuring Memory
Recall, Recognition, and Relearning
Define Recall
Remembering (past) info
From the book: to supply or reproduce memorized info with a minimum of external cues
Define Recognition
Don’t know how to know the info, but have to recognize/identify it (easier test than a recall test)
From the book: an ability to correctly identify previously learned info
Define Relearning
You relearn an item quicker than a new item (reading the chapter before class/studying)
From the book: learning again something that was previously learned. Used to measure memory of prior learning.
Define Serial Position Effect*
When we tend to recall/remember first and last bits of info and forget the bits of info in the middle
Define Explicit Memory
A memory that a person is aware of having; a memory that is consciously received
Define Implicit Memory
A memory that a person does not know exists; a memory that is retrieved unconsciously
Define Not Encoded
Reason why we forget, irrelevant info
Define (Memory) Decay
If the info is not used, it is lost. The fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker
Define Sensory Memory
Part of the memory that holds the exact copy of what you see or hear. If you pay attention to that, it will make it to your STM
Define Cue Dependent Forgetting
When people sometimes forget because the cues that were present when learning that info, were not present when trying to retrieve the info or remembering (a type of association)
Define State Dependent Forgetting
When people tend to forget info if they’re not in the same physical or psychological state as when they learned the info
Define Interference
Trying to learn something new, but whatever is in your head is interfering with learning the new stuff. Tendency for either new learning or old learning, that gets in the way of remembering info
Define Retroactive (Interference)
When new learning interferes with remembering old info
Define Proactive (Interference)
When old learning (what’s already in your head) interferes with learning something new/new info
Define Repression
When you unconsciously block a (painful) memory
Define Suppression
When you consciously choose to forget something
Explain the difference between Repression and Suppression
Repression is done UN-Consciouly, while Suppression is done CONSCIOUSLY
Define Consolidation
When info goes from your STM to your LTM (the process of it)
How is Consolidation done?
By repetition
What is the Hippocampus responsible for?
It is part of the brain responsible for memory
What are the two types of Amnesia?
Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia
Define Retrograde Amnesia
When you forget events that occurred right before an injury/trauma- where consolidation did not occur (more common)
Define Anterograde Amnesia
When you forget event(s) that follow an injury/trauma - after being injured, you don’t remember anything that happened after (more rare type)
Define Overlearn
To continue to study beyond bare mastery
Define Spaced Practice
A practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief rests
Define Mnemonics
A memory device, or a memory system that helps you remember info
Define Memory
The mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving info
Define Encoding
Converting info into a form in which it will be retained in memory
Define Storage
Holding info in memory for later use
Define Retrieval
Recovering info from storage in memory
Define Working Memory
Another name for short-tem memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem solving
Define Information Bits
Meaningful units of info, such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases
Define Information Chunks
Info bits grouped into larger units
Define Recoding
Reorganizing or modifying info to assist storage in memory
Define Maintenance Rehearsal
Silently repeating or mentally reviewing info to hold it in STM
Define Rote Rehearsal (Rote Learning)
Learning by simple repetition
Define Elaborative Processing
Making memories more meaningful through processing the encodes links between new info and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals
Define False Memory
A memory that can seem accurate but is not
Define Source Confusion (in memory)
Occurs when the origins of a memory are misremembered
Define Cognitive Interview
Use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses
Define Network Model (of memory)
A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked info
Define Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) state
The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable
Define Feeling of Knowing
The ability to predict beforehand whether one will be able to remember something
Define Deja Vu
The feeling that you have already experienced a situation that you are actually experiencing for the first time
Define Priming
Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories
Define Curve of Forgetting
A graph that shows the amount of memorized info remembered after varying lengths of time
Define Encoding Failure
Failure to store sufficient info to form a useful memory
Define Memory Traces
Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that take place when memories are stored
Define Disuse
Theory that memory traces weakens when memories are not periodically used or retrieved
Define Availability (in memory)
Memories currently stored in memory are available
Define Accessibility (in memory)
Memories currently stored in memory which can be retrieved when necessary are both available and accessible
Define Retrieval Cue
Stimulus associated with a memory. Retrieval cue usually enhance memory
Define Massed Practice
A practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption
