Ch.10 Motivation & Emotion

Question 1

Define Biological Motives

Answer 1

Needs that are meant for survival (biological needs such as hunger, thirst, needs for air/sleep), innate/inborn

Question 2

Define Stimulus Motives

Answer 2

Motivated out of curiosity, innate/inborn. Innate needs for stimulation and info.

Question 3

Define Learned Motives

Answer 3

Acquired motives. Motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals.

Question 4

Define Homeostasis

Answer 4

Refers to a familiar, comfortable place. A steady state of body equilibrium.

Question 5

Define Circadian Cycle

Answer 5

Every 24 hours, body goes through changes - cycle of changes your body goes through within 24 hours such as body temp. (rises at certain time of day), BP (blood pressure) shifts, most alert in certain times of day. Cyclical changes in body functions and arousal levels within 24 hours.

Affected by airplane/jet travel, adapting to change.

Question 6

Explain the difference between Biological Motives and Learned Motives

Answer 6

Biological motives are regarding motives/needs for survival that are innate. But Learned motives are motives or needs that are needed to be learned.

Question 7

Explain the Motivation to Eat/Hunger

Answer 7

Caused by drop in blood sugar level

Question 8

Define Motivation

Answer 8

Internal processes that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate activities

Question 9

Define Response

Answer 9

Any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior.

Question 10

Define Incentive Value

Answer 10

The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need.

Question 11

Define Hypothalamus

Answer 11

Within it, there’s a feeding center and a satiety center. A small area at the base of the brain that regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, especially hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.

Question 12

Define Feeding Center

Answer 12

When stimulated, you will report feeling hunger. If the feeding center is destroyed, you will not feel hungry.

Question 13

Define Satiety Center

Answer 13

When stimulated, you feel full. If it’s destroyed, you will feel hunger.

Question 14

Define GLP-1

Answer 14

A chemical that causes eating a stop. After you stop eating for a while, GLP-1 travels to the intestines then travels to the brain. When enough of this chemical has traveled to the brain, you stop eating. Related to eating disorders.

Question 15

Define Set Point

Answer 15

A weight you maintain when you are making no effort to gain/lose weight.

Question 16

Define Obesity

Answer 16

When a person is extremely overweight. Motivated by eating by external cues, rather than internal cues.

If over-weight as an adult, but it started as a child, you would tend to have more fat cells and larger fat cells.
If you over-weight as an adult, but not child, your fat cells are larger, but number of fat cells doesn’t increase - the factor that influences.

Question 17

Define Anorexia

Answer 17

Severe under eating

90% of the people are females between 13 and 25
Starve themselves. Intense fear of gaining weight.
Opium level rises causing a feel good sensation.

Question 18

What are some causes of Anorexia?

Answer 18

Portrayal of females in the media, parents/family or friends insinuating - type of family system, parenting style, quest to get control, the idea of a way to avoid intimacy or sexuality, a chemical imbalance

Medication: Prosac

Question 19

Define Bulimia

Answer 19

Person takes in food/eats, but makes themselves throw up

Question 20

Define Arousal Theory of Motivation

Answer 20

Your best performance/doing your best is connected to moderate levels of arousal (optimal performance)

Question 21

Explain the levels of arousal in regards to Arousal Theory of Motivation

Answer 21

Arousal is thought of as adrenaline, anxiety, nervousness.
If the task you’re about to do is very simple, the levels of arousal is high.
If the task is difficult, the level of arousal is low.
If the task is taking a test, the level of arousal is moderate.

Question 22

Define Need for Achievement

Answer 22

(nAch) The desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence. “The people who have a high need for achievement, choose tasks that are moderately difficult tasks.”

Question 23

Define Need for Power

Answer 23

The desire to have social impact and control over others.
People who score high on this, have a need to control other people. Tend to be manipulative, exploit/take advantage to/of others. Their importance needs to be visible (needs to be seen by others)

Question 24

Explain a Fear of Success

Answer 24

Why? They don’t want the attention. When you do will, people’s expectations increase - more attention and expectations.

Question 25

Define Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 25

You are motivated to satisfy your lower needs, before you satisfy your higher needs (lower needs are physiological needs, higher needs are psychological needs). Ordering of needs, based on their pressured strengths or potency.

Question 26

Define Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 26

Motivated to create consistency between your thoughts, feelings, and actions you will have tension. The way you reduce the tension is by rationalizing.

Question 27

Define Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 27

Motivated from within, rather than from external rewards/do it for the enjoyment, because it feels good to them.

Question 28

Define Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 28

Motivated from outside of you. Motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors.

Question 29

Explain the difference between Intrinsic motivation and Extrinsic motivation

Answer 29

Intrinsic is based on quality (of work) and comes from within, internally. As Extrinsic is based on quantity (of work) and comes from the outside, externally.

Question 30

Define Deci

Answer 30

If a person is motivated intrinsically, do not introduce an extrinsic award, because you forget you were intrinsically motivated.

Question 31

Define Amygdala

Answer 31

Part of the brain that produces fear. Stimuli goes from amygdala through/to the cortex. A part of the limbic system (within the brain) that produces fear responses.

Question 32

Define Polygraph/Lie Detector

Answer 32

Design to figure out whether a person is lying or not. Not accurate, because it tends to measure changes in your heart rate, BP, breathing rate, whether you are sweating or not. But those changes don’t necessarily mean you’re lying.

Polygraph measures whether you have a certain characteristic (guilt), if test comes positive you have what we’re measuring.
Lie detector test inaccurate.

Question 33

Define Positive/Negative True/False

Answer 33

True/False part refers to initial accuracy

Question 34

What is True Positive?

Answer 34

For example, you take a p-test. It comes out positive. You take it again, it stays positive.

Question 35

What is True Negative?

Answer 35

For example, you take a p-test. It comes out negative. You take it again, it stays negative.

Question 36

What is False Positive?

Answer 36

For example, you take a p-test. At first, the test says it’s positive, but later it’s not positive.

Question 37

What is False Negative?

Answer 37

For example, you take a p-test. At first, the test is negative, but later it’s positive.

Question 38

Describe when a person is lying

Answer 38

Their pupil size increases, respond with more nervousness, take longer time to answer (a question), people who talk less/give little info, less cooperative

Question 39

Define Common Sense Theory

Answer 39

For example, when you see a bear, you become physiologically aroused, and you run.

Question 40

Define James-Lange Theory of Emotions

Answer 40

Fear follows the body’s physiological arousal (see a bear, produces this physiological reaction - adrenaline, which then leads you to feel the fear)
States that emotional feelings that follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal. In this case, weakness is being aware of arousal would lead to the emotion

Question 41

Define Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions

Answer 41

States that activity in the thalamus causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously. For example, you see the bear and at the same time you have the physiological arousal and experience fear.

Question 42

Define Schacter’s Theory of Emotions

Answer 42

States that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues. For example, you see the bear, it creates a physiological reaction, but the emotion depends on how you interpret the arousal.

Question 43

Define Attribution

Answer 43

The mental process of assigning causes to events. In emotion, the process of attributing arousal to a particular source.

Question 44

Define Valin’s Attribution Theory

Answer 44

Explanation style. The emotion you will feel will depend on your explanation of the situation. Similar to Schacter’s Theory

Question 45

Define Rikkety Bridge

Answer 45

High adrenaline due to subject. Similar to Schacter’s Theory

Question 46

Define Cathartic Release

Answer 46

Venting of anger (at the person you are upset with).

You rant and scream. Not a healthy way to deal with frustration.

Question 47

What is the solution to Cathartic Release?

Answer 47

Reduce the anger in a constructive communicating way, a way that gets heard. Healthy way to deal with anger is to understand what causes the anger.