Ch.3 Human Development

Question 1

Define Nature

Answer 1

The influences of nature (genetics) refers to what you inherit. Speaks about your potential through your inheritance (from parents)

Question 2

Define Nurture

Answer 2

Refers to the influences of the environment

Question 3

Define Dominant Genes

Answer 3

If a gene is dominant, the feature that it controls will appear every time a gene is present.

Brown-eyed genes are dominant over blue-eyed genes.

Question 4

Define Recessive Genes

Answer 4

If a gene is recessive, it must be paired with another recessive gene before its effects will be expressed or before you see the effects of it

Question 5

Define Genetics Disorders

Answer 5

Inherited problems from parents, like mental retardation

Question 6

Define Principles of Readiness

Answer 6

Is that maturity must occur before some skills are learned. In order for a behavior to occur there must be a maturation of the nervous system (ex. before a child can run, they must have the development of the nervous system and the muscle tissues)

Question 7

Define Congenital Problems

Answer 7

Birth defects that occur during prenatal development (ex. If a mother is pregnant and did drugs/exposed to x-rays/smokes)

Question 8

Define Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Answer 8

Refers to the affects on the fetus (unborn) if the mother drinks when she’s pregnant (baby could be born with very low body weight, body defects, and possible mental retardation)

Question 9

Define Maturation

Answer 9

(Principlies of Readiness) Growth of the body and the nervous system in an orderly matter

Question 10

Define Secure Attachment

Answer 10

The most healthy attachment. When a baby has this, they have a positive emotional bond with a parent. When the mother would leave the room for a short amount of time, the baby would get upset - they are emotionally attached.

Question 11

Define Insecurely Attached

Answer 11

When the baby has an anxious emotional bond with the mother/parent. When the mother leaves the room and the mother returns, the baby would turn away for a little

Question 12

Define Insecure-Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 12

Also have an anxious emotional bond with the mother. When the mother returns from leaving the room, the baby has mixed (ambivalent) feelings. The baby would seek the mother, but would then angrily/anxiously resist the mother.

Question 13

Define Separation Anxiety

Answer 13

A normal, developmental stage for a baby between the ages of 8 and 12 months. If a baby between 8 and 12 months are dropped off at a baby-sitter’s, they would be anxious, cry - defined as the reaction of the baby (also keep in mind the time frame)

Question 14

Define Authoritative Parents

Answer 14

The most healthy parenting style. When the parents provide firm and consistent boundaries for the child. Provide love, affection, guidance. When the child violates the boundaries, there’s a consequence - firm but fair. This style encourages a child to think for themselves (independent)

Question 15

Define Authoritarian Parents

Answer 15

A parenting style that enforces very rigid rules, demands obedience. The children have very few rights, grow up emotionally stiff or withdrawn (like a dictatorship)

Question 16

Define Overly Permissive Parents

Answer 16

When the parent(s) allow too much freedom for the child, provide very little structure, guidance, and if there are rules they are rarely enforced (this style often in divorced families due to guilty feeling of divorce)

Question 17

What did Chomsky believe in?

Answer 17

Believed that language recognition is innate/inborn. Babies have this biological predisposition for/of language.

Question 18

What are Psycholinguist and what do they believe in?

Answer 18

The study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition. They believe in language recognition is learned, reinforced by parents.

Question 19

Who was Piaget (what did they study)?

Answer 19

He studied children’s cognitive development (studied the way children think about things)

Question 20

What two processes convinced Piaget what intellect grows through

Answer 20

Assimilation and Accommodation

Question 21

Define Assimilation

Answer 21

Piaget believed it’s what comes first in cognitive development. It’s referred when you use existing knowledge in new situations.

Question 22

Define Accommodation

Answer 22

This is that existing knowledge are modified to “accommodate” this new knowledge.

Question 23

What are the different stages in Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 23

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational

Question 24

Define the Sensorimotor Stage (of Piaget’s theory)

Answer 24

During the first two years of life. The major event is that object permanence occurs usually not till the end. Object permanence refers to when an object is present and then hidden from a child, the child still knows the object exists)

Question 25

Define the Preoperational Stage (of Piaget’s theory)

Answer 25

During the ages between 2 and 7. When the child begins to think symbolically, use language, tend to be egocentric (everything revolves around them)

Question 26

Define the Concrete Operational Stage (of Piaget’s theory)

Answer 26

During the ages between 7 and 11. One of the things that occurs is that they master the concept of conservation (referring to the volume of matter which remains unchanged when the shape of the object changes). Mastering the concept of reversibility also occurs - changing the order of things does not change the amount.

Question 27

Define the Formal Operational Stage (of Piaget’s theory)

Answer 27

During the ages of 11 and up. When a child now thinks on a deeper, more abstract level. Considering hypothetical possibilities. Get away from concrete thinking.

Question 28

What did Kohlberg study?

Answer 28

He studied children’s moral development. How children decide what’s right and wrong. Justice and autonomy.

Question 29

What were the Levels of Moral Development in Kohlberg’s study (from lowest to highest)

Answer 29

1. Preconventional Level (Lowest)
2. Conventional Level (Second)
3. Postconventional Level (highest)

Question 30

Define the Preconventional Level of Kohlberg’s study

Answer 30

As/In a younger child, moral thinking is determined by the consequences of their actions. (ex. you ask a child “is what you did right or wrong?” If they get punished, they determined they did wrong

Question 31

Define the Conventional Level of Kohlberg’s study

Answer 31

Decisions made about what’s right or wrong are based on your desire to conform the expectations of others or the society, accepted authority/rules/values (right because I pleased others)

Question 32

Define the Postconventional Level of Kohlberg’s study

Answer 32

When you’re thinking of right or wrong is determined by your self accepted ethical principles/values

Question 33

Explain Gilligan’s study/view point

Answer 33

She disagreed of Kohlberg’s study/belief because it penalized women for being caring. She believed his system was concerned mainly with justice, as she argued/believed that caring is also a major element of moral development.

Question 34

What’s the difference between Kohlberg’s study/belief and Gilligan’s?

Answer 34

Kohlberg is about justice and reasoning. While Gilligan is about caring and emotion.

Question 35

Explain Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development

Answer 35

Eight critical stages of development where there is a timeframe when you’re most ready to master a task. (If you master the task in that timeframe, you move to the next level. If you don’t master it in that timeframe, you get stuck. Most affected by that environment.)

Question 36

In order, what are the eight stages of Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development?

Answer 36

1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Integrity vs. Despair

Question 37

Define Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 37

The first stage of Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development. During the first year of life, a critical timeframe to master the task of being a trusted/not trusted person. Trust is established when babies are given warmth, touching, love, and physical care. Mistrust is caused by inadequate or unpredictable care and by parents who are cold, indifferent, or rejecting.

Question 38

Define Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Answer 38

The second stage of Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development. During the ages between 1 to 3 years. Autonomy is due to encouragement (exploration of environment) from parent(s). If a parent(s) is overly protective and don’t let the child explore, they tend to become ashamed/doubtful

Question 39

Define Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 39

The third stage of Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development. During the ages between 3 to 4 years. The stage where children always ask why. If, as a parent, you encourage questions and answer confidently, you encourage initiative. If you criticize or discourage a child’s questions it can create feelings of guilt.

Question 40

Define Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 40

The fourth stage of Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development. During the ages between 6 to 12 years. Children learn a sense of industry if they win praise for productive activities, such as building, cooking, studying, etc. If a child’s efforts are regarded as messy, childish, or inadequate, feelings of inferiority result.

Question 41

Define Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 41

The fifth stage of Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development. During adolescence. “Who am I?” Building a consistent identity out of talents, values, life history, relationships, and the demands of her culture. Persons who fail to develop a sense of identity suffer from role confusion, an uncertainty about who they are and where they are going.

Question 42

Define Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 42

The sixth stage of Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development. During young adulthood. Intimacy, an ability to care about others and to share experiences with them. Failure to establish intimacy with others leads to a deep sense of isolation - feeling alone and uncared for in life.

Question 43

Define Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 43

The seventh stage of Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development. During middle adulthood. Generativity is an interest in guiding the next generation providing emotional balance, expressed by caring about oneself, one’s children, and future generations. Failure to do this is marked by a stagnant concern with one’s own needs and comforts.

Question 44

Define Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 44

The eighth stage of Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development. During late adulthood. People who have lived richly and response

Question 45

What did (Elizabeth) Kubler-Ross study/research?

Answer 45

On death and dying. Her research showed when people are going through a terminal illness and they talk about it, if they can handle (the illness). These people go through different stages, in different orders.

Question 46

What are the stages of Kubler-Ross’ study/research?

Answer 46

1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

Question 47

Define Denial within Kubler-Ross’ study/research

Answer 47

Not believing in reality. if you are told, that that headache for about 2 months, is inoperable brain cancers, your initial thought is denial - shock.

Question 48

Define Anger within Kubler-Ross’ study/research

Answer 48

Once the denial wears off, people typically experience this (anger). For example, “why me?”

Question 49

Define Bargaining within Kubler-Ross’ study/research

Answer 49

Before depression, when you are trying to make a deal to somehow change your fate (with the doctor or God, for example)

Question 50

Define Depression within Kubler-Ross’ study/research

Answer 50

When you realize there’s no deal (or bargaining) to be made. Depression follows Bargaining.

Question 51

Define Acceptance within Kubler-Ross’ study/research

Answer 51

The last stage, not everyone gets there, when you accept your fate.

Question 52

Define Grief (Kubler-Ross’ study/research)

Answer 52

A natural, normal reaction of the loss of a loved one