Ch.6 (7) Conditioning & Learning Flashcards
Define Reinforcement
Some procedure that will increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring
Name Two Ways of Learning
Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
Define Classical Conditioning
Interested in what happens before a response is made, the associations made
Who was Classical Conditioning created by?
Pavlov
Define an Unconditioned Stimulus
Will lead to an unconditioned response (reflex reaction)
Define an Unconditioned Response
An unlearned stimulus (ex. Pavlov’s experiment, the salivation due to the meat)
Define a Conditioned Stimulus
Leads to a conditioned response (ex. Pavlov’s experiment, THE BELL, along with showing the meat/food- leading to a conditioned response)
Define a Conditioned Response by example (Pavlov’s experiment)
The salivating after hearing the bell
State an exception/necessitiy for a Conditioned Stimulus
The stimulus must be presented first or right before the unconditioned stimulus, no more than 45 seconds
Define Contiguity in both actual and in the definition of Classical Conditioning
Defined as the nearness in time and space meaning the CS (Conditioned Stimulus) has to occur right before the US (Unconditioned Stimulus)
Define Higher Order Learning
When you introduce another CS
Define Extinction
When the behavior becomes extinct, or stops.
What is done to create Extinction?
The US has to be withheld
Define Spontaneous Recovery
After a brief extinction period, when you reintroduce the CS leading to a CR (Conditioned Response)
Define Stimulus Generalization
If there’s a stimuli that’s similar, there will be a (the same) response
Define Stimulus Discrimination
Refers to the ability to tell the difference between the (range of) stimuli
Define Vicarious Learning
Learning through the actions of others
Define Operant Conditioning
Interested in what happens AFTER a response is made
Explain the difference between Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
Classical conditioning is interested in what happens BEFORE a response, and Operant Conditioning is interested in what happens AFTER a response is made
Define Positive Reinforcement
When you provide this, you are providing something that is appealing to another/others
Define Negative Reinforcement
When you/someone provides this, it will increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring by avoiding something unpleasant
Provide an example of Positive Reinforcement
Giving candy or money if/when you participate in class
Provide an example of Negative Reinforcement
Taking points off or staying longer in class if/when not participating in class
Define Punishment
When you provide this, you are decreasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring
Provide an example of Punishment
Timeout for kids
What is the difference between Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
Unlike Punishment, in Negative Reinforcement you have the ability to turn things around, avoid unpleasant, and increase a type of behavior
Unlike Negative Reinforcement, in Punishment there is no turning things around or changing things, and/or no reward
Provide an example of Shaping
Potting training kids (with praise)
What are the types of Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
2. Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Define Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
The reward follows every correct response
Define Partial Reinforcement Schedule
when the reward does not follow every correct response
What is a characteristic/difference in Partial Reinforcement Schedule in comparison to Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?
Partial Reinforcement Schedule is more resistant in extinction (or harder to stop) than Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Name the different types of Partial Reinforcement Schedule
- Fixed Ratio
- Variable Ratio
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Interval
Define a Fixed Ratio
The ratio of rewards to responses is set/fixed
For example, every 8th time.. every 3rd, 5th time you will get a reward
Define Shaping
When you shape a behavior, you reward the behavior in small, incremental steps
Provide an example of Shaping
Potting training kids (with praise)
What are the types of Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
2. Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Define Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
The reward follows every correct response
Define Partial Reinforcement Schedule
When the reward does not follow every correct response
What is a characteristic/difference in Partial Reinforcement Schedule in comparison to Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?
Partial Reinforcement Schedule is more resistant in extinction (or harder to stop) than Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Name the different types of Partial Reinforcement Schedule
- Fixed Ratio
- Variable Ratio
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Interval
Define a Fixed Ratio
The ratio of rewards to responses is set/fixed
For example, every 8th time.. every 3rd, 5th time you will get a reward
Define a Variable Ratio
It is NOT set/fixed
Variable means varies
(“the average, approximately”)
Define Fixed Interval
The ratio of rewards to TIME is set/fixed
Example - payday
Interval means passage of time
Define Variable Interval
The ratio of rewards to TIME is NOT set/fixed
Interval means passage of time
Define Shaping
when you shape a behavior, you reward the behavior in small, incremental steps
Define a Fixed Ratio
the ratio of rewards to responses is set/fixed
For example, every 8th time.. every 3rd, 5th time you will get a reward
Provide an example of Shaping
Potting training kids (with praise)
What are the types of Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
2. Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Define a Fixed Ratio
The ratio of rewards to responses is set/fixed
For example, every 8th time.. every 3rd, 5th time you will get a reward
Define Fixed Interval
The ratio of rewards to TIME is set/fixed
Example - payday
Interval means passage of time
What is a characteristic/difference in Partial Reinforcement Schedule in comparison to Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?
Partial Reinforcement Schedule is more resistant in extinction (or harder to stop) than Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Name the different types of Partial Reinforcement Schedule
- Fixed Ratio
- Variable Ratio
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Interval
Define Observational/Vicarious Learning
When you learn through the actions of others
Define Superstitious Behavior
A behavior repeated because it seem to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary
Define Schedule of Reinforcement
A rule or plan for determining which responses will be reinforced
