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Psychology > Ch.1 Research Method > Flashcards

Ch.1 Research Method Flashcards

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0
Q

Scientific Observation

A

Gathering evidence from direct observation. Systematically/carefully planned. Inter subjective - confirmed by more than one observer

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1
Q

Define Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Define Research Method

A

A systematic approach to answering scientific questions

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3
Q

Define Description

A

Naming or classifying, in scientific research

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4
Q

Define Understanding

A

When we can state the causes of behavior

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5
Q

Define Prediction

A

The ability to forecast behavior accurately

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6
Q

Define Control

A

The ability to alter the condition(s) that affect behavior

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7
Q

Define Critical Thinking

A

A type of reflection involving support of beliefs through scientific explanation and observation

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8
Q

Define Structuralism

A

The school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experiences into basic elements

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9
Q

Define Functionalism

A

The school of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environment

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Definition: The study of over, observable behavior. Shaped & controlled by one’s environment.

Focuses on idea that people have issues today, due/learned from their environment.
Don’t believe in unconscious.
“If you’re depressed today, you learned it from your environment.”

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11
Q

Cognitive Behaviorism

A

Definition: a thought

Not learned from environment (difference with behaviorism), its the way you think/interpret about things (today)

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12
Q

Who/What is Gestalt?

A

A psychologist. Studied thinking, learning, and perception as whole units, not by analyzing experiences into parts.

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13
Q

Psychoanalytic

A

Definition: a psychologist who has training in Freudian.

*Sigmund Freud

Believed the reason why people have issues today, due to unconscious (area of the mind outside of personal awareness) conflicts/memories

Psychologist or Psychiatrist

Does PSYCHOANALYSIS (treatment) type of therapy, talking

Tested by dreams/dreaming

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14
Q

Biopsychologists

A

Deal with/study hormonal changes, chemical imbalances, the nervous system, the brain

Treated medically, with meds

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15
Q

Humanistic

A

Aka “Humanism”
Definition: view focuses on subjective human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals

Believe YOU are in control

FREE WILL - ability to make voluntary choices

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16
Q

Define Positive Psychology

A

The study of human strengths, virtues, and optimal behavior

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17
Q

What is an MFT?

A

Marriage and Family Therapist

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18
Q

What is a Psychologist?

A

A person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology

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19
Q

What is LCSW?

A

a Licensed Clinical Social Worker

20
Q

Is it necessary for a psychologist to get/have a PhD?

A

No. They are and/or can be Licensed

21
Q

What is the difference between a Psychologist and Psychiatrist?

A

Psychologists: see the solution. Talking is the/their cure

Psychiatrist: are medical doctors, treat chemical balance/mental disorders w/ medication or psychotherapy.

*chemicals also get affected by having hope, faith, optimism

22
Q

Define Scientific Method

A

A form of critical thinking based on careful measurement and controlled observations

Has 5 steps

23
Q

Define a Hypothesis

A

An educated guess, prediction/guess how the experiment will turn out

24
Q

Define Observer Effect

A

Refers to change in a subject’s behavior caused by an awareness of being observed.

25
Q

Define Observer Bias

A

Observers see what they expect to see or record only selected details. Done by observing your own research

26
Q

Who is Rosenthal and what did he do?

A

A psychologist. Believes/Experiments how expectations influence people

Class experiment

27
Q

Define Self-fulfilling prophecy (related to Rosenthal)

A

A prediction that prompts people to act in ways that make the prediction come true

28
Q

Who is Rosehan and what did he do?

A

Psychologist. Believed/perceived expectations influence perception.

Mental hospital experiment

29
Q

What is a Correlational study?

A

Testing the relationship between two variable (are these variables related to each other?)

*Does not figure out cause and effect. Just relation between variables.

30
Q

Correlational Methods

A

Tells you straight and nature between two variables

Nature refers to positive/negative correlation

The higher the number the higher the correlation (relation)

(.8 - 1.00 = strong)
(Correlation represented by “r”)

31
Q

Define Correlation coefficients

A

The expression of the strength and direction of a relationship of a correlation (positive or negative +/-)

32
Q

Define Positive Correlation

A

The higher you score in one variable, the higher you score on the other variable

33
Q

Define Negative Correlation

A

The higher you score in one variable, the lower you score on the other variable

34
Q

Define Experimental Studies/Methods

A

Ability to draw conclusions about cause and effect

35
Q

What is an Independent Variable and what type of study/method is it related to?

A

Condition(s) altered/changed/varied by experimenter, who sets their size, amount, or value. Suspected to cause difference in behavior.

Experimental Study/Method

36
Q

What is a Dependent Variable and what type of study/method is it related to?

A

It MEASURES the results of the experiment.

Experimental Study/Method

37
Q

What is an Extraneous Variable and what type of study/method is it related to?

A

Condition(s) that a researcher wishes to prevent from affecting the outcome of the experiment. Outside variables, have to be the same in both groups (ex. classroom - teacher)

Experimental Study/Method

38
Q

Define Experimental Group

A

Group of subjects exposed to the independent variable or experimental condition. Gets the independent variable.

39
Q

Define Control Group

A

Group of subjects exposed to all experimental condition(s) or variable(s) except the independent variable

40
Q

Define Random Assignment

A

The use of chance to assign subjects to experimental and control groups (ex. flipping a coin, counting off “1, 2, 1, 2..”)

41
Q

Define Statistical Signficance

A

Experimental results that would rarely occur by change alone. Results “due to independent variable”

Results in levels of .05 or .01 = 95% or 99%, so to say that with 95 or 99% CERTAINTY, the difference in scores between groups is due to the independent variable.

42
Q

Define Placebo Effect

A

Works through the power of suggestion/implication. Frequently used in meds, “fake pill.”

43
Q

What is a Double Blind Experiment?

A

When subjects and experimenter(s) don’t know who/if in which group - experimental/control.

44
Q

What is an Active Placebo?

A

Placebo that produces the same (side) affects as given/actual meds/substance

45
Q

What is an Inactive Placebo?

A

Placebo that does not produce any (side) affects

46
Q

Who is Milgram?

A

A psychologist that experimented on obedience and authority. Electric shock experiment

47
Q

Who is Asch?

A

Experiment on “group pressures”

Psychology (13 decks)

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