ch.40 Flashcards
adventitious
abnormal breath sound heard over the lungs
alveoli
small air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are the site of gas exchange
angina
a temporary imbalance between the amount of oxygen needed by the heart and the amount delivered to the heart muscles
arterial blood gas
a diagnostic test examining arterial blood; used to determine the pressure exerted by oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
atelectasis
incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs
atria
upper chambers of the heart
bronchial
those heard over the larynx and trachea are high-pitched, harsh “blowing” sounds, with sound on expiration being longer than inspiration
bronchodilators
medication that relaxes contractions of smooth muscles of the bronchioles
bronchovesicular
normal breath sounds heard over the mainstem bronchus; they are moderate blowing sounds, with inspiration equal to expiration
capnography
a method to monitor ventilation and, indirectly, blood flow through the lungs
crackles
fine, crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs
diffusion
tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established
endotracheal tube
inserted through the nose or the mouth into the trachea, using a laryngoscope as a guide
hyperventilation
condition in which there is more than the normal amount of air entering and leaving the lungs
hypoventilation
decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
hypoxemia
deficient oxygenation of blood
hypoxia
inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells
ischemia
deficiency of blood in a particular area
perfusion
process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissues
oxygenation
the process of providing cells with life-sustaining oxygen
sputum
respiratory secretion expelled by coughing or clearing the throat
subcutaneous emphysema
air gets into tissues under the skin
tracheostomy
artificial opening made in the trachea through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted
What happens to intrapulmonic pressure when air is breathed in?
by increasing lung volume, intrapulmonic pressure decreases and air moves from high to low (lungs to outside)
What makes up the upper airway?
nose, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis
Purpose of upper airway
warm, filter, and humidify air
What makes up the lower airway?
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Purpose of lower airway
clear mucus, conduct air, produce surfactant
surfactant
reduces surface tension between alveoli and preventing collapse
vesicular
low pitched soft sound during expiration heard over most of the lungs
crackles
occur when air moves through airways that contain fluid
total lung capacity
amount of air in lungs at max. inspiration
vital capacity
amount of air displaced by max. exhalation
residual volume
amount of air left in lungs at max. expiration
