ch.28 head and spine injuries

Question 1

central nervous system

Answer 1

brain, spinal cord, nuclei and cell bodies of most nerve cells

Question 2

brain

Answer 2

center of consciousness

Question 3

cerebrum

Answer 3

contains 75% of the brains total volume

Question 4

cerebellum

Answer 4

coordinates balance and body movements

Question 5

brainstems

Answer 5

controls virtually all the functions that are necessary for life

Question 6

spinal cord

Answer 6

mostly made up of fibers that extend from the brains nerve cells white matter consists of fiber pathways

Question 7

meninges

Answer 7

three distinct layers of tissue

Question 8

closed brain injury

Answer 8

no opening to the, Injury in which the brain has been injured but the skin has not been broken and there is no obvious bleeding

Question 9

open brain injury

Answer 9

opening from the brain to the outside, Injury to the head often caused by a penetrating object in which there may be bleeding and exposed brain tissue

Question 10

penetrating trauma

Answer 10

bleeding and exposed brain tissues

Question 11

what is the most common moi for brain injury

Answer 11

mva/mvc

Question 12

scalp laceration

Answer 12

often a sign of a more serious head injury

Question 13

skull fracture

Answer 13

deformed head, visible cracks in skull

Question 14

ecchymosis (battle signs)

Answer 14

bruising under eyes and behind ears

Question 15

Anterograde (post traumatic) amnesia

Answer 15

Inability to remember events after an injury

Question 16

Injuries in which load is applied along the vertical or longitudinal axis of the spine, which results in load being transmitted along the entire length of the vertebral column; for example, falling from a height and landing on the feet in an upright position

Answer 16

Axial loading injuries

Question 17

Bruising behind an ear over the mastoid process that may indicate a skull fracture

Answer 17

Battle sign

Question 18

Swelling of the brain

Answer 18

Cerebral edema

Question 19

A temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brain’s abilities to function without actual physical damage to the brain

Answer 19

concussion

Question 20

Coup-contrecoup injury

Intervertebral disc
The cushion that lies between two vertebrae

Answer 20

Dual impacting of the brain into the skull; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebounds

Question 21

An accumulation of blood between the skull and the dura mater

Answer 21

epidural hematoma

Question 22

A head position in which the patient’s eyes are looking straight ahead and the head and torso are in line

Answer 22

Eyes forward position

Question 23

The recommended procedure for moving a patient with a suspected spinal injury from the ground to a long backboard or other spinal immobilization device

Answer 23

Four-person log roll

Question 24

The cushion that lies between two vertebrae

Answer 24

Intervertebral disc

Question 25

Bleeding within the brain tissue (parenchyma) itself; also referred to as an intraparenchymal hematoma

Answer 25

Intracerebral hematoma

Question 26

Intracranial pressure (ICP)

Answer 26

The pressure within the cranial vault

Question 27

Actions of the body that are not under a person’s conscious control

Answer 27

Involuntary activities

Question 28

Account for 80% of skull fractures; also referred to as non displaced skull fractures; commonly occur in the temporal-parietal region of the skull; not associated with deformities to the skull

Answer 28

Linear skull fractures

Question 29

An injury to the brain and its associated structures that is a direct result of impact to the head

Answer 29

Primary (direct) injury

Question 30

The inability to remember events leading up to a head injury

Answer 30

Retrograde amnesia

Question 31

The after effects of the primary injury; includes abnormal processes such as cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, and infection; onset is often delayed following the primary brain injury

Answer 31

Secondary (indirect) injury

Question 32

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
A traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes

Answer 32

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates

Question 33

An accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater but outside the brain

Answer 33

Subdural hematoma

Question 34

A traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes

Answer 34

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Question 35

Actions that we consciously perform, in which sensory input or conscious thought determines a specific muscular activity

The five sections of the spinal column, in descending order, are the:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

Answer 35

Voluntary activities

Question 36

What part of the nervous system controls the body’s voluntary activities?

Answer 36

somatic

Question 37

When activated, the sympathetic nervous system produces all of the following effects,

Answer 37

1. shunting of blood to vital organs.
2. increase in heart rate.
3. dilation of the bronchiole smooth muscle.

Question 38

The five sections of the spinal column, in descending order, are the:

Answer 38

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

Question 39

Hyperextension injuries of the spine are MOST commonly the result of:

Answer 39

hangings