ch. 6 the human body Flashcards
topographical anatomy
superficial landmarks of the body
anatomic position
position of reference in which the pt is standing facing you, arms @ the side with the palms of hands facing forward
anatomical planes
imaginary straight lines that divide the body
frontal/coronal plane
divides the body into a front or back position
transverse/axial plane
divides the body into a top and body portion
sagittal/lateral plane
divides the body into left and right portions( not necessarily equal
midsagittal plane
type of sagittal plane when the body is divided into
equal left and right halves
skeleton
gives the body recognizable human form and protects vital internal organs (206 bones) (designed to allow motion)
ligaments
fibrous tissues that connect bones to each other
tendons
ropelike structures that connective tissue that covers the ends of bones @ the mobile joints
cartilage
the smooth connective tissue that covers the ends of the bones @ the mobile joints
axial skeleton
forms the foundation to which the arms and legs are attached (skull, facial bones, thoracic cage, vertebral column)
appendicular skeleton
made up of the arms and legs and their connecting joints, and the pelvis
cranium
temporal bones - lateral portions
parietal bones - lie in between the occiput and temporal regions
frontal bones - forehead
face
14 bones maxillae - upper jaw zygomas - cheek bones mandible - lower jaw orbit - eye socket (2 facial bones)
5 sections of the spine
- cervical - first 7 vertebrae (c-1 to c-7)
- thoracic - next 12 vertebrae (pair of ribs attached to each)
- lumbar - next 5 vertebrae
- sacrum - next 5 sacral vertebrae fused together
(sacrum) - coccyx - last 4 vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
joints
wherever bones come in contact a joint is formed
sacroiliac joint
virtually surrounded by tough, thick ligaments will have little motion
articulate cartilage
moving joint ends are covered w a thin layer of cartilage (pearly white) allows bones to glide easily
synovial membrane
inner lining of the joint capsule
synovial fluid
thick lubricant that they synovial membrane makes - allows bones to glide over one another w/o rubbing and grating
joint types
ball and socket
hinge joint
ulna
larger in the proximal forearm (helps form elbow joint)(medial/pinky side)
radius
larger in the distal forearm (lies on lateral/thumb side)
wrist
modified ball and socket joint (8 bones)
fingers
composed of phalanges
pelvis
closed bony ring composed of 3 bones ( sacrum and (2) pelvic bones
pubic symphysis
has cartilage that allows for slight motion of ones side of the pelvis over the other
acetabulum
where the leg connects to the hip joint and is formed where the ilium and ischium and pubic bones meet
femoral head
where the femur connects into acetabulum (pelvic girdle)
greater trochanter
projection on the lateral/superior portion of the junction between the femoral neck and shaft
lesser trochanter
projection on the medial/inferior portion of the junction between the femoral neck and shaft
patella
knee cap
ankle
hinge joint, allows flexion and extension of foot on the leg
calcaneus
heel bone
calcium
important for other body systems helps heart, muscles and nerves work properly
3 types of muscles
skeletal - major muscle mass (attaches to the bones)
smooth - major blood vessels and intestines
cardiac - only in heart
homeostasis
balances all the systems in the body
what helps protect the structures underneath them
muscles
structures that contribute to respiration and breathing
throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles and the lungs
upper airway
located anteriorly at the midline nose, mouth, tongue, jaw, pharynx
larynx
dividing line between upper and lower jaw.
trachea
windpipe, 5 in long, air and other gases
esophagus
food and liquid pass through the pharynx to esophagus
thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
more visible in males, anterior midline portion of the neck, this cartilage is the anterior part of the larynx.
cricoid cartilage
below thyroid cartilage
alveoli
grape like air sacks
pleura
a layer covers each lung, smooth glistening tissue
visceral pleura
covers lungs
parietal pleura
covers chest wall
diaphragm
primary muscle. unique because it has characteristics of skeletal and smooth muscles some shaped that divide the thorax from the abdomen
ventilation
simple movement of air between the lungs and the environment
artificial ventilation
provided in hope that your patient will resume
respiration
process of gas exchange provides O2 and gets rid of O2
difusion
a passive process in which molecules move from an are with a higher concentration of molecules (air) to an area of lower concentration (blood stream)
cerebrospinal fluid
a colorless fluid in around the brain and spinal cord that cushions these structures and filters out impurities and toxins
medulla oblongetta
primarily responsible for irritating the ventilation cycle and prim stimulated by high co2 levels
tidal volume
the amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs in one breath
inspiratory blood volume
the deepest breath you can take after a normal breath
residual volume
gas remaining in the lungs after exhalation simply to keep the lungs open
dead space
the portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli therefore little or no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs
minute volume
another measure used to assess the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in 1 minute
respiratory rate x tidal volume = minute volume
stroke volume
amount of blood moved in one beat
cardiac output
amount of blood moved in one minute
tunica media
middle layer of the airway
pulmonary artery
carries o2 depleted blood to the lungs
superior vena cava
carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders
inferior vena cava
blood from abdomen pelvis and lower extremities
