ch. 6 the human body

Question 1

topographical anatomy

Answer 1

superficial landmarks of the body

Question 2

anatomic position

Answer 2

position of reference in which the pt is standing facing you, arms @ the side with the palms of hands facing forward

Question 3

anatomical planes

Answer 3

imaginary straight lines that divide the body

Question 4

frontal/coronal plane

Answer 4

divides the body into a front or back position

Question 5

transverse/axial plane

Answer 5

divides the body into a top and body portion

Question 6

sagittal/lateral plane

Answer 6

divides the body into left and right portions( not necessarily equal

Question 7

midsagittal plane

Answer 7

type of sagittal plane when the body is divided into

equal left and right halves

Question 8

skeleton

Answer 8

gives the body recognizable human form and protects vital internal organs (206 bones) (designed to allow motion)

Question 9

ligaments

Answer 9

fibrous tissues that connect bones to each other

Question 10

tendons

Answer 10

ropelike structures that connective tissue that covers the ends of bones @ the mobile joints

Question 11

cartilage

Answer 11

the smooth connective tissue that covers the ends of the bones @ the mobile joints

Question 12

axial skeleton

Answer 12

forms the foundation to which the arms and legs are attached (skull, facial bones, thoracic cage, vertebral column)

Question 13

appendicular skeleton

Answer 13

made up of the arms and legs and their connecting joints, and the pelvis

Question 14

cranium

Answer 14

temporal bones - lateral portions
parietal bones - lie in between the occiput and temporal regions
frontal bones - forehead

Question 15

face

Answer 15

14 bones 
maxillae - upper jaw
zygomas - cheek bones 
mandible - lower jaw
orbit - eye socket (2 facial bones)

Question 16

5 sections of the spine

Answer 16

1. cervical - first 7 vertebrae (c-1 to c-7)
2. thoracic - next 12 vertebrae (pair of ribs attached to each)
3. lumbar - next 5 vertebrae
4. sacrum - next 5 sacral vertebrae fused together
   (sacrum)
5. coccyx - last 4 vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

Question 17

joints

Answer 17

wherever bones come in contact a joint is formed

Question 18

sacroiliac joint

Answer 18

virtually surrounded by tough, thick ligaments will have little motion

Question 19

articulate cartilage

Answer 19

moving joint ends are covered w a thin layer of cartilage (pearly white) allows bones to glide easily

Question 20

synovial membrane

Answer 20

inner lining of the joint capsule

Question 21

synovial fluid

Answer 21

thick lubricant that they synovial membrane makes - allows bones to glide over one another w/o rubbing and grating

Question 22

joint types

Answer 22

ball and socket

hinge joint

Question 23

ulna

Answer 23

larger in the proximal forearm (helps form elbow joint)(medial/pinky side)

Question 24

radius

Answer 24

larger in the distal forearm (lies on lateral/thumb side)

Question 25

wrist

Answer 25

modified ball and socket joint (8 bones)

Question 26

fingers

Answer 26

composed of phalanges

Question 27

pelvis

Answer 27

closed bony ring composed of 3 bones ( sacrum and (2) pelvic bones

Question 28

pubic symphysis

Answer 28

has cartilage that allows for slight motion of ones side of the pelvis over the other

Question 29

acetabulum

Answer 29

where the leg connects to the hip joint and is formed where the ilium and ischium and pubic bones meet

Question 30

femoral head

Answer 30

where the femur connects into acetabulum (pelvic girdle)

Question 31

greater trochanter

Answer 31

projection on the lateral/superior portion of the junction between the femoral neck and shaft

Question 32

lesser trochanter

Answer 32

projection on the medial/inferior portion of the junction between the femoral neck and shaft

Question 33

patella

Answer 33

knee cap

Question 34

ankle

Answer 34

hinge joint, allows flexion and extension of foot on the leg

Question 35

calcaneus

Answer 35

heel bone

Question 36

calcium

Answer 36

important for other body systems helps heart, muscles and nerves work properly

Question 37

3 types of muscles

Answer 37

skeletal - major muscle mass (attaches to the bones) smooth - major blood vessels and intestines cardiac - only in heart

Question 38

homeostasis

Answer 38

balances all the systems in the body

Question 39

what helps protect the structures underneath them

Answer 39

muscles

Question 40

structures that contribute to respiration and breathing

Answer 40

throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles and the lungs

Question 41

upper airway

Answer 41

located anteriorly at the midline nose, mouth, tongue, jaw, pharynx

Question 42

larynx

Answer 42

dividing line between upper and lower jaw.

Question 43

trachea

Answer 43

windpipe, 5 in long, air and other gases

Question 44

esophagus

Answer 44

food and liquid pass through the pharynx to esophagus

Question 45

thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)

Answer 45

more visible in males, anterior midline portion of the neck, this cartilage is the anterior part of the larynx.

Question 46

cricoid cartilage

Answer 46

below thyroid cartilage

Question 47

alveoli

Answer 47

grape like air sacks

Question 48

pleura

Answer 48

a layer covers each lung, smooth glistening tissue

Question 49

visceral pleura

Answer 49

covers lungs

Question 50

parietal pleura

Answer 50

covers chest wall

Question 51

diaphragm

Answer 51

primary muscle. unique because it has characteristics of skeletal and smooth muscles some shaped that divide the thorax from the abdomen

Question 52

ventilation

Answer 52

simple movement of air between the lungs and the environment

Question 53

artificial ventilation

Answer 53

provided in hope that your patient will resume

Question 54

respiration

Answer 54

process of gas exchange provides O2 and gets rid of O2

Question 55

difusion

Answer 55

a passive process in which molecules move from an are with a higher concentration of molecules (air) to an area of lower concentration (blood stream)

Question 56

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 56

a colorless fluid in around the brain and spinal cord that cushions these structures and filters out impurities and toxins

Question 57

medulla oblongetta

Answer 57

primarily responsible for irritating the ventilation cycle and prim stimulated by high co2 levels

Question 58

tidal volume

Answer 58

the amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs in one breath

Question 59

inspiratory blood volume

Answer 59

the deepest breath you can take after a normal breath

Question 60

residual volume

Answer 60

gas remaining in the lungs after exhalation simply to keep the lungs open

Question 61

dead space

Answer 61

the portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli therefore little or no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs

Question 62

minute volume

Answer 62

another measure used to assess the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in 1 minute respiratory rate x tidal volume = minute volume

Question 63

stroke volume

Answer 63

amount of blood moved in one beat

Question 64

cardiac output

Answer 64

amount of blood moved in one minute

Question 65

tunica media

Answer 65

middle layer of the airway

Question 66

pulmonary artery

Answer 66

carries o2 depleted blood to the lungs

Question 67

superior vena cava

Answer 67

carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders

Question 68

inferior vena cava

Answer 68

blood from abdomen pelvis and lower extremities