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Community DEH2701 > CH18 Oral Epidemiology > Flashcards

CH18 Oral Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

A relatively low, but constant, level of occurrence of a disease in a particular geographic region.

*disease that is expected*

**************************

A

B) Endemic

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2
Q

The occurence of a disease in excess of normal in a specific community or region; usually occuring suddenly and spreading rapidly. Often called an “outbreak” of disease .

*****************

A

C) Epidemic

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3
Q

The study of the nature, cause, control, and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease, disability, and death in human populations is referred to as ______.

It is the process of characterizing the distribution of disease and various related factors such as age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, time, place, person, and behavior.

********************

A

Epidemiology

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4
Q

The theory that a disease can be attributed to many factors is termed ________.

A) Multifactorial

B) Cause-and-effect

C) Dimensional

D) Naturalization

E) None of the above

A

A) Multifactorial

(Host = who, Agent = What, Environment = where)

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5
Q

The study of disease in a target population is called ________.

A) Etiology

B) Causality

C) Epidemiology

D) Naturalization

E) All of the above

A

C) Epidemiology

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6
Q

The rate of new cases of a disease or condition over a given period of time

*************************

A

Incidence

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7
Q

The study of the amount, distribution, determinants, and control of disease and health conditions among given populations

************************

A

Epidemiology

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8
Q

What publication is a compilation of cogent issues currently studied?

A) Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report

B) Healthy People 2000

C) Call to Action

D) Healthy People 2010

E) None of the above

A

A) Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report

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9
Q

A numerical expression of the number of all existing cases of a disease or condition measured at a given period of time

****************************

A

I) Prevalence

(All of the diseases)

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10
Q

The rate of new cases of a disease or condition over a given period of time

**************************

A

Incidence

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11
Q

The study of the cause(s) of disease

**************************

A

M) Etiology

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12
Q

Widespread outbreaks of a disease or condition that crosses international borders and affects several countries and continents.

************************8

A

Pandemic

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13
Q

Methods or systems used to monitor disease and morbidity in a population

********************************

A

P) Surveillance

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14
Q

Characteristics of an individual or population that may increase the likelihood of experiencing a given health problem

A

N) Risk factors

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15
Q

The ratio of the number of deaths from a given disease or condition

A

K) Mortality

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16
Q

A standardized method used to describe the status of an individual or group with respect to a given condition

A

F) Index

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17
Q

____ is the extent of disease, injury, or disability in a defined population.

*how many people have the disease*

************************

A

Morbidity

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18
Q

The theory of causation for a disease or condition

A

M) Etiology

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19
Q

Degree to which a research study measured what it was supposed to measure (internal) and can be generalized to the entire population (external)

A

E) Validity

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20
Q

These are often “adjusted” to make valid comparisons and detect trends

A

J) Disease rates

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21
Q

Change of the measurement made in error in a logical direction

A

Positive reversal

Caries is absent when DMF is measured the first time and is present when DMF is measured the second time, if the second measure is inaccurate

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22
Q

Change of diagnosis in an illogical direction over a period of time

A

Negative reversal

Caries is present when DMF is measured the first time and is absent when DMF is measured the second time

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23
Q

Monitors the burden of oral disease, utilization of the oral health care delivery system, and community water fluoridation in the nation and states

A

National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS)

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24
Q

The prevention agenda for the United States is discussed in which publication?

A) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

B) Healthy People 2020

C) Global Oral Data Bank

D) Prevention USA

E) None of the above

A

B) Healthy People 2020

Ten indicators identify the attainment of these objectives: physical activity, overweight and obesity, tobacco use, substance abuse, responsible sexual behavior, mental health, injury and violence, environmental quality, immunization, and access to health care.

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25
Q

What source contains oral epidemiological data from around the world?

A) Prevention International

B) Federation Dentaire Internationale

C) Global Oral Data Bank

D) International Federation of Dental Hygienists

E) None of the above

A

C) Global Oral Data Bank

(From the WHO)

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26
Q

A risk marker is an attribute that is associated with the increased probability of disease but is not considered to have a causal role.

True

False

A

True

Risk is used to infer or suggest causality.

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27
Q

A risk indicator is a modifiable attribute that is known to be associated with a health condition.

True

False

A

False

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28
Q

Causality means that a particular exposure results in a particular outcome.

True

False

A

True

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29
Q

Observational studies can be conducted to infer causality.

True

False

A

True

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30
Q

Establishing risk is the same as establishing causality.

True

False

A

False

31
Q

The multifactoral nature of disease that consists of the genetic or social factors of individuals that contribute to their susceptibility or resistance (i.e., tooth morphology, salivary flow) is the ______.

“who factor”

A

host

32
Q

The multifactoral nature of disease that is the biologic or mechanical cause of the disease or condition (i.e., specific bacteria that cause dental caries or periodontal disease) is the ____.

“what factor”

******************************

A

agent

33
Q

The multifactorial nature of disease that refers to the physical, social, sociocultural, sociopolitical, and economic circumstances that are required for the disease to thrive, survive, and spread (i.e., nutrition, sugar intake, and smoking) is referred to as the _____

“where factor”

************************

A

enviornment

34
Q

Factors or events capable of bringing about change in health and make up a multifactorial approach to a disease or health condition are called _______.

A

Determinants

35
Q

_____ is the concept that more than a single cause must be present for a disease or health condition to occur; multiple causation.

A

Multifactorial

************************

36
Q

_______ is the elimination of an infectious disease agent through surveillance and containment; contrasted to control, which is to keep the disease at a minimum level so that it no longer poses a health problem.

A

Eradication

37
Q

The ______ is the number of cases of the disease or condition in a population.

A

count

38
Q

A ______ provides more information about the extent of the disease in a population; prevalence is expressed as a ______.

A

proportion; proportion

39
Q

A _____ expresses the magnitude of one occurrence in relation to another

A

ratio

40
Q

A ____ is an expression of disease in a population using a standardized denominator and including a time dimension; incidence is ____.

A

rate; rate

41
Q

An _____ reports more detailed information than a count, proportion, or rate by providing a standardized measurement of the amount or severity of the disease or condition in a population.

A

index

42
Q

What clinical measurement method uses a visual assessment that is quickly accomplished,as well as a tongue blade, mirror, and light.

A

Basic screening

43
Q

The ________ is more thorough, uses instruments and light and is used with most indices.

A

epidemiologic evaluation

44
Q

______ is accuracy of a measurement; measurement results are true or accurate.

A

Validity

45
Q

________ is consistency or reproducibility of a measurement over time.

A

Reliability

46
Q

______ is the ability to identify all screened individuals who actually have the disease; influences validity.

***************************

A

Sensitivity

47
Q

_____ is the ability to identify only non-diseased individuals who actually do not have the disease; influences validity.

****************************

A

Specificity

48
Q

__________ is the ability of a test to accurately measure a disease or condition.

A

Predictive value

49
Q

_________ is an agreement among two or more examiners as they apply a test or index.

A

Inter-rater (examiner) reliability

50
Q

________ is the consistency of a single examiner in the application of a test or instrument multiple times.

A

Intra-rater (examiner) reliability

51
Q

______ is the standardization of examiners as they apply epidemiologic measurements.

A

Calibration

52
Q

______ is a change of the measurement made in error in a logical direction.

A

Positive reversal

53
Q

______ is a change of diagnosis in an illogical direction over a period of time

A

Negative reversal

54
Q

Oral epidemiology reports use surveillance to identify ______, which are long term changes. This observation and monitoring is is an ongoing process.

A

trends

55
Q

What are the two types of observation used in epidemiology reports?

A

Passive surveillance (voluntary reporting) and Active surveillance

56
Q

The ________ monitors the burden of oral disease, utilization of the oral health care delivery system, and community water fluoridation in the nation and states.

A

National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS)

57
Q

What are the nine oral health indicatior used by the National Health Surveillance System?

A
  1. dental visits
  2. cleanings
  3. complete tooth loss
  4. loss of 6 or more teeth
  5. fluoridation status
  6. sealants
  7. caries experience
  8. untreated caries
  9. oral cancer
58
Q

______-level surveys collect the data utilized by NOHSS.

A

state

59
Q

The _____ publishes events of public health interest and importance to state and local health departments as quickly as possible.

A

MMWR

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

60
Q

The following are the Five Action Recommendations in the _________:

Change perceptions of oral health,

Overcome barriers to oral health

Build the science base

Increase oral health workforce diversity, capacity, and flexibility,

Increase collaborations

A

National Call to Action to Promote Oral Health

61
Q

What organization manages the global oral health data bank?

A

WHO

62
Q

Risk of disease, causes of disease, and effectiveness and efficacy of treatment modalities are the _________.

A

concepts of epidemiological studies

63
Q

_____ is used to infer or suggest causality.

A

Risk

64
Q

_____ must be in place to support causality, but the more that are present, the stronger the case for causality of a risk factor in relation to the disease or condition.

A

Criteria

65
Q

What are the three attributes associated with disease?

A

risk factors, risk indicators, and risk markers.

66
Q

SLIDE

Criteria for inferring causality from observational studies

  • Strength of Association. The stronger the association between exposure and outcome, the greater is the likelihood of causation.
  • Consistency of Association. If the association holds in a large number of studies (replication studies), it is more likely to be causal.
  • Sensitivity of Association. If those who have the disease were exposed to the suspected causative factor, the factor is more likely to be causal.

•Specificity of Association. If absence of exposure is associated with absence of the disease outcome, the exposure is more likely to be causal.

•Time Relationship. If the exposure precedes the outcome, causality is more likely. This condition is considered to be absolute.

•Dose-Response Relationship. If the disease outcome increases as the degree of exposure increases, causality is more likely.

•Plausibility. If the association is congruent with current biological, medical, epidemiologic, and scientific knowledge, causality is more likely.

•Analogy. If the association is similar to other associations that have been shown to be causal, the transfer of knowledge can be used to support causality.

A
67
Q

Levels of evidence to evidence-based practice

  1. Systematic review w/ meta analysis (looks at hundreds of similar studies and assesses)
  2. Systematic review w/o meta analysis (takes a few studies and writes a conclusions)
  3. One or more randomized controlled clinical trials (experiments)
  4. Well-designed cohort studies (ppl with similaries followed over time without a disease that are doing something to assess a risk like smoking; observational only)
  5. Well-designed case control studies (has a case and a control group, ppl with a disease(case) compared to a and a control group (not somkers)
  6. Cross-sectional studies w/o concurrent controls; uncontrolled experiments (shows one point in time)
  7. Case series
  8. Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience; descriptive surveys; case reports, reports of expert committees
  9. Non-human (animal) research
A
68
Q

Loosly controlled clinical trials that use a test to determine how an agent or treatment regimen works in everyday conditions is called an ________. It is conducted on a _______ community population with varying degrees of the disease or condition under study.

*this test is conducted after its efficacy has been established*

A

Effectiveness trial; broad

69
Q

________ refers to the accuracy of the results of the study and is enhanced by controlling sources of error and extraneous variables. Factors that may affect its accuracy are the _____ and ______ of the study.

Extraneous factors: subject retention, compliance of study participants, data quality, appropriate methods

**********************

A

Internal validity; length; size

70
Q

_______ refers to the accuracy of inferring (generalizing) the results from the sample to the population at large. It is affected by how well a sample represents the population; sampling must be precise for survey research.

Other factors that affect external validity are the _____ variable and ______.

**Jesse, check this card**

**********************

A

External Validity; dependent; pretests

71
Q

A controlled clinical trial that conducts testing on a population susceptible to a disease or condition being studied to determine whether an agent or treatment regimen works is termed an ______.

A

Efficacy trial

(this comes first)

72
Q

Criteria for ______ from observational studies are strength of association, consistency of association, sensitivity of association, specificity of association, time relationship, dose-response, plausibility, analogy.

A

inferring causality

73
Q

______ is when every patient receives both treatments during an experiement.

A

Crossover design

74
Q

______ is the break that is taken between the two treatments of a study in a crossover design.

A

washout period

Community DEH2701 (23 decks)

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