CH14 Nathe, Community Water Fluoridation Flashcards
___________: Defined as the upward adjustment of the natural fluoride level in a community’s water supply to a level optimal for dental health.
Community Water Fluoridation: Defined as the upward adjustment of the natural fluoride level in a community’s water supply to a level optimal for dental health.
By consuming the water directly or indirectly, consumers accrue preventive benefits regardless of ____ or ______ status
By consuming the water directly or indirectly, consumers accrue preventive benefits regardless of age or socioeconomic status
Named by CDC as one the 10 great _________________ in the 20th century.
Named by CDC as one the 10 great public health achievements in the 20th century.
Naturally occuring fluoride is found in water.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Deficiency in vitamin C causes ______
Scurvy
Deficiency in vitamin D causes ______
Rickets
Deficiency in iodine causes ______
Goiters
Deficiency in folic acid causes ______
neural tube defects
Water flouridation is most often implemented at the local level through the ________, allows for administrative action or a public vote.
Most often implemented at the local level through the City Council, allows for administrative action or a public vote.
Current optimal levels are 0.7ppm which allows for the best balance of protection against _____ while limiting the risk of ____
decay; fluorosis
Virtually all water sources contain naturally occurring fluoride. Ground water drawn from wells beneath the earth’s surface have ______ content than _____ waters.
higher ; surface
Fluoridation is an ideal public health intervention for many reasons. One of the main reasons is due to it being very _______
Fluoridation is an ideal public health intervention for many reasons. One of the main reasons is due to it being very cost-effective ($0.50-3.00 per year per person)
Healthy People 2020 objective OH-13 ____ is to increase the proportion of the U.S. population served by community water systems with optimally fluoridated water to _____%
target; 79.6%
- Dr. _______ moved to Colorado Springs upon graduation from dental school and notices intrinsic ______ and pitting on patients who were raised in the immediate area (Colorado ______).
Dr. Frederick McKay ; brown stain ; (Colorado Brown Stain)
Over the next several decades Dr. Fredrick Mckay studied _____ in other nearby communities for several decades and confirm that ______ (fluorosis) was confined to certain geographical areas and was related to the _____ water in those areas.
Over the next several decades Dr. Fredrick Mckay studied children in other nearby communities for several decades and confirm that mottled enamel (fluorisis)was confined to certain geographical areas and was related to the drinking water in those areas.
Corollary finding: people with _____ experience less decay
fluorosis
High levels of fluoride in the water are associated with _______.
mottled enamel
Dr. Trendley Dean conducted screenings across affected areas and established that more than ____ causes flourosis
1ppm
______, MI was the 1st city to receive fluoridation to its water supply
Grand Rapids
Water fluoridation to Grand Rapids, Michigan water supply showed a reduction of caries in children by _____%
50-70%
In what three ways does fluoride work?
Systemically
- Ingested and incorporated into enamel (systemically)
Topically
- Promotes remineralization when applied topically
- Inhibits ability of bacteria to metabolize carbohydrates
______ in the absolute measurable benefits of water fluoridation has been attributed to the dilution and diffusion effects
Reduction in the absolute measurable benefits of water fluoridation has been attributed to the dilution and diffusion effects
______ results from the increased availability of fluoride from multiple sources
Dilution results from the increased availability of fluoride from multiple sources
Ex: Fluoride toothpastes
_______ is described as the extension of benefits of community water fluoridation to residents of fluoride-deficient communities
Diffusion is described as the extension of benefits of community water fluoridation to residents of fluoride-deficient communities
Ex: bottled soft drinks
“halo effect”
Diffusion extensions of benefits impact ______ communities
nonfluoridated communities
________ is the greatest way to impact people with the least amount of money
Water fluoridation is the greatest way to impact people with the least amount of money
Fluoride levels in bottled water vary, but usually are ____. It is important to note that the fluoride level in the water bottle is only on the label if it was added during the ______.
low; bottling process
Enamel fluorosis occurs in kids when their teeth are _____; it _____ occur once enamel formation is complete
- developing; cannot
Severe Enamel Fluorosis
Moderate Enamel Fluorosis
Mild Enamel Fluorosis
Sodium fluoride (granulars or powders) and sodium fluorosilicate (granular only) are used in ____________ fluoride distribution systems.
These systems are used for _____ communities, <50,000 population.
Dry system (granulars/powders)- sodium fluoride and sodium fluorosilicate
Used for smaller communities, <50,000 population
Fluorosilic acid is used is a ______ community distribution fluoridation method. It is used in______ communities of >50,000 population.
This is the most widely used fluoridation system in the United States.
Wet system (liquid)
Used for larger communities, >50,000 population
Many credible sources have researched and found that there are no toxic residues in the water in which this fluoride compound has been added. The three research sources are the CDC, EPA, and AWWA.
What does AWWA stand for?
American Water Works Association
Medicaid programs benefits can be utilized for small children.
True
False
True
What is the optimal level of fluoride in water?
A) 0.1–0.6 ppm
B) 0.7–1.2 ppm
C) 1.5–2.0 ppm
D) 2.5–3.2 ppm
B) 0.7–1.2 ppm
The optimal fluoride concentration of one’s primary water source should be 0.7–1.2 ppm.
What are optimal fluoride concentrations levels based on?
A) Water temperatures
B) Humidity
C) Air temperatures
D) Water consumption
C) Air temperatures
The U.S. Public Health Service established non-regulatory standards for optimal concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water. These standards are based on the annual average of maximum daily air temperatures.
What compound was the FIRST used in controlled water fluoridation programs and is still used in smaller communities?
A) Stannous fluoride
B) Neutral fluoride
C) Sodium silicofluroide
D) Sodium fluoride
D) Sodium fluoride
Sodium fluoride was the first compound used in controlled water fluoridation programs and it is still used in many water systems in smaller communities.
What is the MOST frequently used compound for water fluoridation in the United States today?
A) Hydrofluosilicic acid
B) Sodium silicofluoride
C) Sodium fluoride
D) Stannous fluoride
A) Hydrofluosilicic acid
Today, the most frequently used compound for water fluoridation in the United States is hydrofluosilicic acid because of its low cost and ease of handling.
How do water fluoridation systems prevent excess water fluoridation?
A) A limited amount of fluoride is maintained in day tanks.
B) Proper controls are used to feed fluoride from the hoppers to distilling tanks.
C) Metering pumps
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
All of the answers are correct. The CDC maintains a national program for proficiency testing, which compares the water plants’ results to reference standards with known fluoride concentrations.
What occurs when an excess amount of fluoride is added to the drinking water over several days, usually secondary to an overfeed from malfunctioning equipment or maintenance errors?
A) Hypofluoridation
B) Hyperfluoridation
C) Excessive fluorosis
D) Community fluoridation
B) Hyperfluoridation
Hyperfluoridation occurs when an excess amount of fluoride is added to the drinking water over several days, usually secondary to an overfeed from malfunctioning equipment or maintenance errors.
Why is the fluoridation cost per person lower in larger communities and higher in smaller communities?
A) Inverse relationship
B) Reverse relationship
C) Direct relationship
D) Indirect relationship
A) Inverse relationship
An inverse relationship exists between the cost per person and the size of the population of a community.
What is salt fluoridation?
A) It is the addition of salt and fluoride to water.
B) These components are added to preserved food.
C) These components are added to table salt.
D) Patients get daily fluoride intake through salt blocks
C) These components are added to table salt.
Many countries without centralized water distribution systems have chosen to add fluoride to table salt, a process known as salt fluoridation.
What three systems are used for water fluoridation distrubution in the United States?
- sodium fluoride
- sodium fluorosilicate, and
- hydrofluorsilicic acid (also known as fluorosilicic acid)
