CH17 Biostatistics Flashcards
______ is the use of data analysis and interpretation in health care research.
Biostatistics
______ involves the application of statistical tests to the data in order to organize, describe, summarize, and analyze it to answer a research question or test a hypothesis.
It also explains results and requires that ________ be used to explain the meaning and application of the findings, identifies possible factors that could have influenced the results, and draws inferences to the population.
Data Analysis; critical thinking
Dental hygienists should know the research process in order to understand the epidemioloty of disease, practice therapies, implement programs and practice _________ dentistry.
evidence-baseed
An insufficient number of subjects, too short of a duration, as well as the use of incorrect measurement instruments, incorrect procedure utilization & incorrect statistical tests are all causes of ________.
invalid research
What are some example of Nominal scale data?
(Unordered categories)
Male/Female
Smoker/Non-smoker
(Qualitative categories)
What are some examples of Ordinal scale data?
(Ordered categories)
Mutually exclusive categories:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
IOTN
Minimal, Moderate, Severe, Unberable pain
(Each of the above have data that exclude all other data in the data set)
_______ data are a scale of measurements that contain all of the characteristics of the preceding scales.
This data is quantitative and has an absolute zero point (0 means there is an absence).
Some examples are height, weight, duration, and number of teeth/sealants.
Ratio Scale Data
Data that is reperesented by numbers would be considered _________. This data can be expressed as counts, percentages, and means of something.
An example of this in DH is pockets depths, # of DMFT, time spent scaling.
quantitative data
Asks the question HOW MANY
Data focused on Information that reflects the quality or nature of variables that cannot be expressed numerically is called ________ data. It is expressed as outcomes, or states, and can be counted for reporting and its variable can be rank ordered.
An example of this in DH is tissue color, tenacity of calculus, and what patients liked most & least about visit.
Qualitative Data
Asks the question, HOW MUCH?
What are some example of a Continuous Variable?
Height in cm
pocket depth in mm
Age
Time
(Example of age: 25 years, 10 months, 2 days, 5 hours, 4 seconds, 4 milliseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 99 picosends…and so on.)
What are some examples of data that are Discrete Variables?
Number of visits to the dentist
DMF
______ is a type of data that has no numeric representation therefore, it is qualitative in nature.
Ex: male/female, freshman/sophomore/jr/sr, eye color, race
Catergorical Variable Data
_______ data are categorical variable data that places subjects into ONLY two groups/catergories. it takes on one of only two possible values when observed or measured and are qualitative in nature.
Ex: M/F, yes/no, T/F
Dichotomous Variable Data
What are the 3 Categorical Data Categories?
- (Qualitative Data Categories)*
- Double Check!*
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Dichotomus
Name the 4 Numerical Data Categories.
(Quantitative Data Categories)
- Discrete
- Continuous
- Interval
- Ratio
__________allows raw data to be organized and summarized in a meaningful way that allows for a pattern to emerge.
This type of data alway precedes ________.
Descriptive statistics; inferential statistics
(If raw data was just presented it would be hard to visualize what was being seen. By using descriptive statistics we can see data in a meaningful way.)
_______ are used to study something but do not have access to the entire population (or total). It is a ________.
Because of this limitation a sample of the population is taken and studied.
Inferential Statistics data; generalizations
What measure of central tendency is an average usedwith continuous data?
It is appropriately used for ratios and interval data.
Mean
What measure of central tendency is a midpoint of data when placed in ascending or descending order?
If there are an even amount of numbers, the ____ of the two middle numbers must be taken.
It’s appropriate use is for ordinal data.
Median; mean
Calculate the Mean of the following:
2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 10 = 30
30 ÷ 6 = 5
Mean = 5
Calculate the median of the following numbers:
3, 2, 5, 10, 3, 7
In order to calculate the median the numbers must be placed in ascending order.
2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 10
(the median point is when ½ the data is above and ½ the data is below)
NO MIDPOINT!?!?
3 + 5 = 8 ➗ 2
Median = 4
Calculate the median of the following numbers:
7, 3, 2, 3, 5, 4, 10
In order to calculate the median the numbers must be placed in ascending order.
2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10
Median = 4
(the midpoint)
What measure of central tendency is concerned with the value that occurs most often? It is used in all types of data.
It’s appropriate use is for nominal data.
mode
Calculate the Mode of the following numbers:
2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 10
2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 10
Mode = 3
What is the goal of using the measure’s of central tendency?
To take a collection of data and identify the middle of the data collected.
A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data.
Name the 3 Measures of Central Tendency.
Mean, Median and Mode
What two data categories are numerical?
Discrete and Continuous
Define: Discrete Variable
Discrete Variable are counted a finite number of times.
Descriptive Statistics are used to summarize data in a meaningful way. There are generally two MAIN types of statistics used to describe data. Name them.
- Measures of Central Tendency
- (Mean, Median, Mode)*
2. Measures of Dispersion - (Range, Variance, Standard Deviation)*
- **Though not a statistic type Graphs, histograms, and charts are also used to describe and summarize***
_______ communicates how much variation is present in a group of data.
In statistics, this is a way of describing how spread out a set of data is.
(Range, Variance, Standard Deviation)
Measures of Dispersion
(aka Measure or variability)
Measures of dispersion communicate how much variation is present in a group of data. Name the three data sets that are used to describe the dispersion of a group of data.
- Range
- Variance
- Standard deviation
What measure of dispersion is determined by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score?
It is the simplest and least helpful measurement and is usually reported with the median.
Range