Ch 9: Language and Thinking

Question 1

Concepts

Answer 1

mental goupings of similar items

kept in schemas

e.g.chair - many types of chairs but use basic chair as prototype

Question 2

Prototype

Answer 2

the best example of a concept

the simpliest form of a concept

Question 3

Solving Problems - 4

1. Trial and Error
2. *Algorithim
3. *Heuristics
4. Insight

Answer 3

1. Trial and Error - doing something repeatidly
   
   1. Problem: solution may never happen
2. *Algorithim - a logical rule
   
   1. go step by step
   2. Guaranteed correct
   3. Problem: it’s slow
3. *Heuristics - “Rule of thumb”
   
   1. 2 kinds
   2. not guaranteed but fast
4. Insight - idea just comes to you
   
   1. could be days later

Question 4

Heuristics

Representativeness Heuristics

​Availability Heuristics

Answer 4

• Representativeness Heuristics - how well something matches your prototype
  
  • use prototypes to solve a problem
• ​Availability Heuristics - you use what’s available in your current memory

Question 5

Confirmation Bias

Answer 5

you search for info that only confirms your perspective

Question 6

Functional Fixedness

Answer 6

you think something works only one way

e.g. replacing a screwdriver with a dime

Question 7

Fixation

Answer 7

thinking inside the box

Question 8

Overconfidence

Answer 8

overestimating the accuracy of their knowledge

Question 9

Framing

Answer 9

people will be influenced by the way we present an issue

e.g. 10%die vs 90%live

Question 10

Belief Perserverance

Answer 10

we cling to our bleiefs, even if we get other evidence

e.g. what type of firefighters are best? - taking risks or playing it safe

Question 11

Language - needs 3 things

1. Phonemes
2. Morphems
3. Grammer

Answer 11

1. Phonemes - smallest unit fo sound
   
   1. e.g. B, T, C, A
   2. Chat - 3 phonemes
2. Morphems - smalles unit of sound that has meaning
   
   1. e.g. pre, ed
3. Grammer - 2 parts
   
   1. Sematics - gives meaning to words
   2. Syntax - rules of the language

Question 12

Language Development - 4 Stages

1. Babbling Stage
2. One Word Stage
3. Two Word Stage
4. Rapid Development

Answer 12

1. Babbling Stage - (3-4 months)
   
   1. babies push air through their lungs and manipulate it with their tongue
   2. makes a “cooing” sound
2. One Word Stage - (1 year)
   
   1. could mean 1 sentence
   2. e.g. “go”, “up”
3. Two Word Stage - (2 years)
   
   1. telegraph speach
   2. e.g. “Big Dog”
4. Rapid Development​ - speak in full sentences

Question 13

Noam Chomsky

Psycholinguistic Theory

Answer 13

born with L.A.D - Language Acquisition Device - prewired spot that deals with language

Question 14

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorism Theory

Answer 14

rewards and conditioning develop language

Question 15

Cognitive Language Theory

Answer 15

Children just take an active role

motivated and excided to find out what’s going on

Question 16

Benjamin Worf

Linguistic Determination Theory

Answer 16

language determines how you see the world

the more words you know, the more indepth you can see the world

Question 17

Washoe and Lana

Answer 17

• Washoe learned sign language
• Lana learned Yerkish - artificial language with a keyboard of pictures