Ch 7: Learning

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

• Learning by association
• Pavlov’s Dog
• John B. Watson + Little Albert
• UCS(natural stimulus) -> UCR
• UCS + CS -> UCR
  
  • CS(not natural stimulus) -> CR

Question 2

Acquisition

Answer 2

in Classical Conditioning, the 1st time a CS causes a CR

Question 3

Generalization

Answer 3

mix up 2 different (CS)s

e.g. Pavlov’s dog salavates when it hears the keys instead of the bell

Question 4

Discrimination

Answer 4

only react with only one CS

Subject knows the exact CS

Question 5

Extinction

Answer 5

CS does not produce CR anymore

Question 6

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 6

after extenction, subject produces the CR to see what happnes

Question 7

John B. Watson

Answer 7

Little Albert experiment

Behaviorist

Question 8

Types of Classical Conditioning - (4)

1. trace
2. simultaneous
3. *delayed
4. backward

Answer 8

1. Trace - CS before + turn off
2. Simultaneous - turn off CS during
3. Delayed - keep CS on during
4. Backward​ - turn CS on after

Question 9

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 9

associate happy things with bad things - removes fear of bad thing

Question 10

Operant Conditioning

Answer 10

• learning by consequence
• Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner

Question 11

Law of Effect - Edward Thorndike

Answer 11

rewarded bejavior is likely to return

rewards make people repeat behaviors

Question 12

B.F. Skinner

Answer 12

studied Operant Conditioning and created the Skinner Box

Question 13

Reinforcers - (2)

Answer 13

1. Primary/Secondary
   
   1. Primary - satisfying in themselves
      
      1. can use the reinforcer at that moment
      2. e.g. food
   2. Secondary​ - no immediate value
      
      1. e.g. money
2. Positive/Negative
   
   1. Positive - increase behavior by presenting something after a response
   2. Negative - not a punishment
      
      1. increase behavior by removing something bad that is already there
         
         1. e.g. wearing your seatbelt to stop annoying beep

Question 14

Skinner Box

Answer 14

teaches animals by shaping/Successive Approximations - a step by step process

uses Operant Conditioning

Question 15

Ratio Schedules

Answer 15

you must do the correct thing to get the reinforcer

Question 16

Fixed Ratio

Answer 16

reinforcer is given after a certain amount is done

behavior - 4 : reinforcer - 1

e.g. working on a salary

Question 17

Variable Ratio

Answer 17

you know it works, but number of reinforcers are random

e.g. gambling

Question 18

Interval Schedules

Answer 18

time based reinforcement schedules

Question 19

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 19

follows the clock

a reinforcement schedule

Question 20

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 20

random time intervals

a reinforcement schedule

Question 21

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 21

doing something for a reward

do it to get something

Question 22

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 22

do something just because you want to do it - no reward

Question 23

Overjustification Effect

Answer 23

giving rewards to someone for something they like doing

causes Intrinsic Motivation to die

Question 24

Observational Learning

*Albert Bandura

Answer 24

learning by observing others

Bobo doll experiment

“Monkey see Monkey do”

Question 25

Social Learning Theory

Answer 25

learn social behavior by observing others

Question 26

Latent vs Insight Learning

Answer 26

• Latent - hidden learning - learning without realizing
• Insight​ - occurs in a flash - learn in a single instant

Question 27

Associative Learning

Answer 27

learning that certain events occur together

Question 28

Respondent Behavior

Answer 28

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 29

Cognitive Map

Answer 29

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment