Ch 7: Learning Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
- Learning by association
- Pavlov’s Dog
- John B. Watson + Little Albert
- UCS(natural stimulus) -> UCR
- UCS + CS -> UCR
- CS(not natural stimulus) -> CR
Acquisition
in Classical Conditioning, the 1st time a CS causes a CR
Generalization
mix up 2 different (CS)s
e.g. Pavlov’s dog salavates when it hears the keys instead of the bell
Discrimination
only react with only one CS
Subject knows the exact CS
Extinction
CS does not produce CR anymore
Spontaneous Recovery
after extenction, subject produces the CR to see what happnes
John B. Watson
Little Albert experiment
Behaviorist
Types of Classical Conditioning - (4)
- trace
- simultaneous
- *delayed
- backward
- Trace - CS before + turn off
- Simultaneous - turn off CS during
- Delayed - keep CS on during
- Backward - turn CS on after
Systematic Desensitization
associate happy things with bad things - removes fear of bad thing
Operant Conditioning
- learning by consequence
- Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner
Law of Effect - Edward Thorndike
rewarded bejavior is likely to return
rewards make people repeat behaviors
B.F. Skinner
studied Operant Conditioning and created the Skinner Box
Reinforcers - (2)
- Primary/Secondary
-
Primary - satisfying in themselves
- can use the reinforcer at that moment
- e.g. food
-
Secondary - no immediate value
- e.g. money
-
Primary - satisfying in themselves
- Positive/Negative
- Positive - increase behavior by presenting something after a response
-
Negative - not a punishment
- increase behavior by removing something bad that is already there
- e.g. wearing your seatbelt to stop annoying beep
- increase behavior by removing something bad that is already there
Skinner Box
teaches animals by shaping/Successive Approximations - a step by step process
uses Operant Conditioning
Ratio Schedules
you must do the correct thing to get the reinforcer
Fixed Ratio
reinforcer is given after a certain amount is done
behavior - 4 : reinforcer - 1
e.g. working on a salary
Variable Ratio
you know it works, but number of reinforcers are random
e.g. gambling
Interval Schedules
time based reinforcement schedules
Fixed Interval Schedule
follows the clock
a reinforcement schedule
Variable Interval Schedule
random time intervals
a reinforcement schedule
Extrinsic Motivation
doing something for a reward
do it to get something
Intrinsic Motivation
do something just because you want to do it - no reward
Overjustification Effect
giving rewards to someone for something they like doing
causes Intrinsic Motivation to die
Observational Learning
*Albert Bandura
learning by observing others
Bobo doll experiment
“Monkey see Monkey do”
Social Learning Theory
learn social behavior by observing others
Latent vs Insight Learning
- Latent - hidden learning - learning without realizing
- Insight - occurs in a flash - learn in a single instant
Associative Learning
learning that certain events occur together
Respondent Behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Cognitive Map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
