Ch 5: The Developing Person Throughout Life

Question 1

Prenatal Stage

Answer 1

• 3 stages

1. Zygote - fertalized egg - (0-10 days)
2. Embryo - attached to uturus wall (2 weeks - 2 months)
3. Fetus - looks human - (9 weeks to birth)
   
   1. at 6 months, it is responsive to sound and knows mother’s voice

Question 2

Teratogens

Answer 2

• harmful agents that permeate the placenta and hurt the baby
• any bad thing that can enter the baby’s body
• e.g. Alcohol, drugs, viruses

Question 3

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

F.A.S.

Answer 3

mother drinks heavily during pregnancy

baby has severe mental problems and an oversized head

Question 4

Reflexes babies are born with - (6)

1. Rooting Reflex
2. Withdraw Relfex
3. Moro Reflex
4. Palmer Reflex
5. Bakinski Reflex
6. Sphincter Reflex

Answer 4

1. Rooting Reflex - touch cheek and baby turns to that side to look for food
2. Withdraw Reflex - move away from pain
3. Moro Reflex - arch back when scared
4. Palmer Reflex - tighten hand when something touches foot
5. Bakinski Reflex - spread toes when something touches foot
6. Sphincter Reflex - Anus will open and close with pressure - for poop

Question 5

Habituation

Answer 5

decreasing responses due to repeated stimulations

e.g. mobiles above baby’s crib

Question 6

*Jean Piaget

Answer 6

• father of child cognitive development
• babies brains are woking harder because their brain is still building
• core idea - kids are different than adults because:
  
  • kids are active thinkers
  • kids try to understand the world by building schemas

Question 7

Schema

Answer 7

• mental molds that organize info
• works like a database
• when recieving new info, brain looks to older schemas for answers, can mistake something for another ifthey have similar traits

Question 8

Assimilate

Answer 8

putting new experiences in a schema that already exists

Question 9

Accomodate

Answer 9

creating a new schema

Question 10

Piaget Stage Theory - (4)

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational

Answer 10

1. Sensorimotor - (0-2) - you experience world through touch and taste
   
   1. object permanance
   2. stranger anxiety
2. ​Preoperational - (2-6) - Learn language but no logic
   
   1. egocentric
   2. lack conservation
3. Concrete Operational - (7 - 12) - can understand logic, jokes, and do basic math
4. Formal Operational - (12 - adult) - have abstract thinking, concepts, symbols, and can deduce consequences

Question 11

Object Permanance

Answer 11

knowing an object is still there when you can’t see it

Question 12

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 12

fear of strangers

Question 13

Egocentric

Answer 13

world revolves around the kid

e.g. “Why is the moon following me?”

Question 14

Conservation

Answer 14

no logic

e.g. tall and fat containers - same volume - can’t tell which can hold more liquid when they are the same

Question 15

Erik Erikson

8 Social Stages

1. Trust vs Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs “Shame on You”
3. Initiative vs Guilt
4. Industry vs Inferiority
5. *Identity vs Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs Isolation
7. Productivity vs Stagnation
8. Integrity vs Despair

Answer 15

1. (0 - 1.5) - Trust vs Mistrust
   
   1. baby calling for people to help with hunger and dirty diapers
2. (1.5 - 3) - Autonomy vs “Shame on you”
   
   1. kids try to do things on their own, but are too uncoordinated
3. (3-6) - Initiative vs Guilt
   
   1. kids try to act like their parents and try to do tasks they can’t do
4. (6-puberity) - Industry vs Inferiority
   
   1. Industry = kids doing really well at things
   2. Inferiority = kids doing poorly at things
5. (teens) - Identity vs Role Confusion
   
   1. finding what your future is going to be
6. (young Adult) - Intimacy vs Isolation
   
   1. wetheror not you want a partner in life
7. (middle age) - Productivity vs Stagnation
   
   1. are you accomplishing things
8. (old age) - Integrity vs Despair
   
   1. reflecting on your life

Question 16

Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development - (3)

1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional

Answer 16

1. Preconventional - avoid punishment or gain reward
   
   1. thinking you can gain something out of doing something
2. Conventional - gain approval or it’s the law!
   
   1. do things because it’s the law or you hope to gain someone’s approval
3. Postconventional - “I believe some abstract principal” or Social Contrast(It’s the right thing to do)
   
   1. you make up some reason why something’s there

Question 17

Heinz Dilemma

Answer 17

steal medical drugs to save a loved one because you can’t pay for it

Question 18

Development of Self Concept

Answer 18

• (15-18months) - self concept starts
• (8-10) - self concept becomes stable
• positive self concept results in confidence, independence, optimism

Question 19

3 types of parenting

1. Authoritarian
2. Permissive
3. Authorative

Answer 19

1. Authoritarian - strict
2. Permissive - freedom, independent
3. Authorative - comprimising, demanding but will listen
   
   1. leads to higher self confidence and higher self-esteem

Question 20

Harry Harlow

Answer 20

• Attachment Development
• attachment is not from food, but from being soft, warm and comforting
• monkey experiment - took baby monkies and put them in a room with a wire and felt monkey
  
  • wire monkey has food
  • when scared, the monkey will go to the soft felt monkey

Question 21

Imprinting

Answer 21

form attachment from first care giver

all animals except humans

Question 22

Critical Period

Answer 22

period after birth where you must be exposed to certain things or you will never get them

Question 23

Mary Amsworth

Answer 23

• Experiment on strange situation
• invited kids into a strange room with mother in a different part of room - 2 types of kids
  
  1. kids would play - responsive mothers who came when called for
  2. kids wouldn’t play - unresponsive mothers
     
     1. kid follows mother to other part of room

Question 24

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 24

how well you can learn a new thing

Question 25

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 25

what you already know

Question 26

Social Clock

Answer 26

when is the right time to do something? e.g. leaving home, marrying, having kids

Question 27

Developmental Psychology

Answer 27

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span