Ch 16: Social Psychology Flashcards
Social Psychology
How you think, feel, and behave in social situations
Fundamental Attribution Error
When people do things to you (bad), you blame it on their personality; but when you do something to others, you blame it on the situation.
Internal vs External disposition factors
Hawthorne Effect
If you know someone is watching you, your performance goes up
Chameleon Effect
Blending in, adapting to what is going on around you
e.g. dancing, cloths
Mere Exposure Effect
The more you are exposed to something, the more you like it
Frustration/Aggression Principle
frustration leads to aggression
What causes Friendship?
3 Things
1) Proximity - how close you are to others in general
- e.g. work place, school
2) Attractiveness
3) Similarity - need to have things in common
Social Facilitation
If others are watching you, you give a stronger response on simple tasks
e.g. How fast do you leave an intersection?
Social Loafting
If you are working together in a big group on a common goal, then your effort may decrease
e.g. tug of war
Group Polarization
The enhancement of the group’s ideas after discussion
The group’s ideas get pulled to one side
Group think
even if you think you know the answer, you will go with the group’s view
conformity
Asch Study
Asch Study
Deals with conformity
people tend to answer wrong even though they know their wrong just because the group thinks the wrong answer is correct
Kitty Genovese Case
(1964) Queens, NY
Bystander effect
Young girl raped and killed near apartment building, noone called the police because they thought other people already had
Bystander Effect
If you think others are around, then you are less likely to help
Kitty Genovese Case
Foot in the Door Phenomenon
Doing something small first will make it easier to do something big later
*Cognitive Dissonance
You catch yourself doing something you don’t believe in and you fit your thoughts with your actions
Change the way you think
Social Trap
Self interest leads to trouble
revenge can lead to trouble - accidentally mess with wrong people
Stanly Milgram Study
on Obedience to Authority
(1963) at Yale
- created false ad advertising a “Learning & Memory Experiment”
- told subject they were a “Teacher” and another subject was a “Learner”
- “Learner” was actually a confederate
- Teacher asked Learner questions and for each wrong answer, an electrical shock was given to the Learner
- no shock was actually given
- the more questions the Learner got wrong, the higher the voltage the shock was
- 65% of Teachers went all the way to the highest shock voltage “XXX”.
- throughout the experiment, the Learner shouted in pain and asked to stop.
***the only real shock given was to the Teacher at the beginning to prove the shocks were real
Tit for Tat
opposing sides will stop hurting you because it’s actually hurting them
when you are attacked, you retaliate every time
G.R.I.T.
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction
most effective strategy for increasing trust
do something small, but nice for enemy
then wait for enemy to respond with something nice
repeat with increase in the niceness of the deed
Social Exchange Theory
We weigh the cost of doing something
look for benefits
In economic terms - cost/benefit
Just World Phenomenon
blame the victim
Muzafer Sherif
Sherif Study on Conflict Resolution
- split 22 young boys into 2 groups
- Rattlers vs Eagles
- said the 2 groups were against eachother for a prize
- boys stuck with their own group even when given the chance to mingle
- got the 2 groups to work together even after they hated eachother
- work towards a common goal
Superordinate Goals
Stanford Prison Experiment
Zimbardo
- Male grad students role playing a prison as prisoners and guards for 2 weeks
- Does role playing affect attitudes?
- the students started acting like real prisoners and guards
- experiment had to be cancelled after 6 days due to brutality of the guards on the prisoners
Deindividuation
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness, self-restraint
Attribution Theory
The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
Central Route to Persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness
Normative Social Influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Why we clap when others clap, eat as others eat, believe as others believe, even see what others see.
To avoid rejection or to gain social approval
Informational Social Influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.
Ingroup
“Us” - people with whom we share a common identity\
a social group
Outgroup
“Them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
people outside of the social group
Ingroup Bias
the tendency to favor our own group
Other-Race Effect
the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races
also called “cross-race effect” and “own-race bias”
Reciprocity Norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Social-Responsibility Norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
Superordinate Goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
