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CHE104 > Ch. 9 Inorganic Analysis: Forensic Determination of Metals and Gunshot Residue > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Inorganic Analysis: Forensic Determination of Metals and Gunshot Residue Flashcards

1
Q

atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)

A

a quantitative analysis technique that measures absorption of light by vaporized elements in a sample

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2
Q

atomic mass unit

A

the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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3
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element

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4
Q

compound

A

a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in fixed proportions

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5
Q

continuous spectrum

A

a pattern in which one color of light merges into the next color that is produced when white light is passed through a prism

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6
Q

electromagnetic radiation (EMR)

A

a general term the is used to describe energy that is encountered daily

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7
Q

electron

A

a subatomic particle with a negative charge of one (-1) and negligible mass

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8
Q

element

A

a fundamental building block of matter that cannot be decomposed into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means

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9
Q

energy-dispersive x-ray

A

a technique that measures the energy of X-rays emitted in the scanning electron microscope

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10
Q

energy level

A

any several regions surrounding the nucleus of an atom in which the electrons move

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11
Q

excited state

A

the state of an atom in which an electron has acquired energy to move to a higher energy level

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12
Q

frequency

A

the number of crests that pass a fixed point in 1 sec

- 1Hz = frequency of 1 cycle (passage of 1 complete wave) per second

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13
Q

ground state

A

the state of an atom in which all of its electrons are their lowest possible energy levels

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14
Q

group

A

one of the vertical columns of elements in the periodic table

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15
Q

gunshot residue (GSR)

A

material discharged from a firearm other than the bullet

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16
Q

inductively coupled plasma (ICP)

A

a high-energy argon plasma that uses radio-frequency energy

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17
Q

line spectrum

A

a spectrum produced by an element that appears as a series of bright lines at specific wavelengths, separated by dark bands

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18
Q

metals

A

malleable elements

  • lustrous
  • good conductors of heat & electricity
  • tend to lose electrons to form positively charged ions
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19
Q

modified Greiss test

A

a test for the presence of nitrites in gunshot residue

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20
Q

molecule

A

the smallest unit of a compound that retains the characteristics of that compound

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21
Q

neutron

A

an electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nuclei of atoms

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22
Q

neutron activation analysis (NAA)

A

an analysis method that bombards the sample with neutrons and then measures the isotopes produced

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23
Q

nonmetals

A

elements that lack the properties of metals

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24
Q

nucleus

A

the small, dense, positively charged central core of an atom

- composed of protons & neutrons

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25
Q

orbital

A

the sublevels of principal energy levels (s, p, d & f)

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26
Q

period

A

one of the horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table

27
Q

periodic table

A

the elements arranged in order of atomic number

- each element has a unique atomic number

28
Q

plasma

A

a high temperature gas that has a portion of its atoms ionized which makes the gas capable of conducting electricity

29
Q

principal energy level

A

one of the energy levels to which electrons are limited

30
Q

proton

A

a subatomic particle with a relative positive charge of (+1) and a mass of 1
- a hydrogen ion

31
Q

quantum

A

the smallest increment of radiant energy that may be absorbed or emitted

32
Q

scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX)

A

the preferred method for the detection of GSR

- investigator applies an adhesive tape directly to the suspect’s hands (or other surface) to lift the GSR

33
Q

semimetal (metalloid)

A

elements with properties that lie between those of metals and nonmetals

34
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between adjacent wave crests

- usually measured in nanometers (nm)

35
Q

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF)

A

a technique that measures the emission of an x-ray when a sample is exposed to higher-energy X-rays
- energy of the emitted X-ray indicates which element released it

36
Q

The building blocks from which all matter is constructed are called _______.

A

atoms

37
Q

Substances that are composed of 2 or more elements are called _______.

A

compound

38
Q

The number of naturally occurring elements is ________.

A

98

39
Q

A molecule is a combination of _________ or more elements.

A

2

40
Q

A proton has a(n) ________ charge.

A

positive

41
Q

The nucleus of an atom is composed of ________ and ________.

A

protons & neutrons

42
Q

The atomic number indicates the number of _________ in the nucleus.

A

protons

43
Q

In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of _________.

A

neutrons

44
Q

The periodic table is divided into 18 vertical columns called _______.

A

groups

45
Q

Elements within a group on the periodic table have similar _______ properties.

A

physical & chemical

46
Q

The elements that are good conductors of electricity and heat and have a shiny appearance are called _______.

A

metals

47
Q

Elements that do not conduct heat or electricity are called ________.

A

nonmetals

48
Q

White light from an incandescent light bulb, when passed through a prism, produces a(n) ________ spectrum.

A

continuous

49
Q

An element that is placed in a flame emits light that, when passed through a prism, produces a(n) _________ spectrum.

A

line

50
Q

The alkali metals (Group 1A) all have ________ electron(s) in their outermost energy levels.

A

1

51
Q

The halogens (Group VIIA) all have ________ electron(s) in their outermost energy levels.

A

7

52
Q

The three metals most commonly used for fabricating everyday objects are _______, _________, and _______.

A

iron
aluminum
copper

53
Q

________ are mixtures of metals that are created to have properties that are more desirable than those of their components.

A

alloys

54
Q

Glass is composed mostly of the elements _______ and _______.

A

–

55
Q

A(n) _________ is a mixture of gases that conduct electricity.

A

–

56
Q

The X-ray beam of the XRF strikes a(n) ________-shell electron, which causes it to be ejected.

A

–

57
Q

The XRF measures the composition of the _________ of the sample.

A

–

58
Q

Collecting GSR for AAS analysis involves the use of swabs containing ________ that are rubbed on the skin of the head.

A

–

59
Q

The atomic absorption spectrometer uses a(n) _______ furnace to vaporize the collected GSR.

A

–

60
Q

The collection of gunshot residue for the scanning electron microscope analysis uses a(n) _______ ________ to pick the GSR from the skin.

A

–

61
Q

A scanning electron microscope operates on the same principle as the light microscope but uses ________ rather than light to illuminate the sample.

A

–

62
Q

In SEM, some of the electrons striking the surface cause _________ to be emitted.

A

–

63
Q

By measuring the energy of the X-rays emitted in SEM, the identity and amount of each ________ on the GSR can be determined.

A

–

64
Q

The incomplete combustion of gunpowder releases a nonmetal ________.

A

nitrile (NO2)

CHE104 (15 decks)

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