Ch. 14 Forensic DNA Typing

Question 1

amplicon

Answer 1

a DNA sequence that has been amplified by PCR

Question 2

anneal

Answer 2

when 2 complementary strands of DNA bind together

Question 3

capillary electrophoresis (CE)

Answer 3

a method of separating DNA samples based on the rate of movement of each component through a gel-filled capillary while under the influence of an electric field

Question 4

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)

Answer 4

the national database containing the DNA profiles of individuals who are convicted of sexual & violent crimes

Question 5

denature

Answer 5

the separation of 2 complementary strands of DNA upon heating

Question 6

DNA polymerase

Answer 6

an enzyme that is a catalyst in the polymerase chain reaction

Question 7

gel electrophoresis

Answer 7

a method of separating DNA samples based on the rate of movement of each component in a gel while under the influence of an electric field

Question 8

multiplexing

Answer 8

a technique in which multiple STR loci are amplified & analyzed simultaneously

Question 9

phenotype

Answer 9

the observable characteristics of an organism

(ie) blue eyes, blond hair

Question 10

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 10

a reaction that is used to make millions of copies of a section of DNA

Question 11

primer

Answer 11

a short sequence of DNA that is specifically designed & synthesized to be complementary to the ends of the DNA region to be amplified

Question 12

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

Answer 12

a DNA typing technique in which sections of the DNA strand are cut out by restriction enzymes & differentiated based on their length

Question 13

selectively neutral loci

Answer 13

inherited characteristics that confer neither a benefit nor any harm to the individual’s ability to reproduce successively

Question 14

selectively neutral loci

Answer 14

inherited characteristics that confer neither a benefit nor any harm to the individual’s ability to reproduce successively

Question 15

short tandem repeat (STR)

Answer 15

a DNA locus where sequences of 3 to 7 bases repeat over and over

Question 16

single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Answer 16

a DNA sequence variation that occurs when a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the genome sequence is altered

Question 17

thermocycle

Answer 17

the heat-cool cycle used in the PCR reaction

Question 18

thermocycle

Answer 18

the heat-cool cycle used in the PCR reaction

Question 19

A gene that has been manipulated by molecular biologists is called _______ DNA.

Answer 19

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Question 20

Most DNA type techniques focus on the _______ (coding/noncoding) portions of DNA.

Answer 20

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Question 21

In RFLP, _______ enzymes are used to cut out the DNA sequence of interest.

Answer 21

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Question 22

PCR-based methods have largely replaced RFLP because of PCR’s ability to process ______ samples or ______ samples.

Answer 22

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Question 23

When DNA is heated, the 2 complementary strands _______ (separate); when the strands are cooled, they ______ (come back together again).

Answer 23

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Question 24

In the PCR amplification process, the heating and cooling process is called _______.

Answer 24

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Question 25

The short sequences of DNA designed to be complementary to the ends of the DNA region to be amplified are called _______.

Answer 25

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Question 26

The DNA copies that are produced by PCR amplification are called a(n) ________.

Answer 26

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Question 27

Most forensic STRs have _____ (3, 4, 5, 6) bases that repeat over and over.

Answer 27

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Question 28

The length of an STR is ________ (longer/shorter) than an RFLP DNA fragment.

Answer 28

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Question 29

STR makers that are used for forensic DNA typing are chosen from separate _______ to avoid linkage between markers.

Answer 29

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Question 30

Mutations in the noncoding region will have no effect on the ______ of the individual.

Answer 30

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Question 31

A mutation that does not threaten the individual’s survival is called _______.

Answer 31

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Question 32

Observable characteristics of an individual, such as eye and hair color, describe the person’s ________.

Answer 32

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Question 33

DNA moves in electrophoresis because of the influence of a(n) _______.

Answer 33

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Question 34

As more voltage is applied to an electrophoresis gel, the temperature ________ (increases/decreases/stays the same)

Answer 34

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Question 35

As more voltage is applied to an electrophoresis gel, the temperature ________ (increases/decreases/stays the same)

Answer 35

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Question 36

In a CE separation, the _______ (largest/smallest) STRs arrive at the detector first.

Answer 36

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Question 37

In a CE separation, the STR is identified by comparison to a standard ________.

Answer 37

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Question 38

The fluorescent dyes that are used for detecting STRs are attached to the ______ _______.

Answer 38

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Question 39

The process of amplifying and identifying multiple STR loci simultaneously is called _______.

Answer 39

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Question 40

In multiplexing, the _______ of the STR and the color of the ______ are adjusted to give an optimal separation of multiple STRs.

Answer 40

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Question 41

The DNA databases i nmost countries rely on _______ or more STR loci, each of which is found on different chromosome.

Answer 41

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Question 42

CODIS matches _______ (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) core loci.

Answer 42

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Question 43

The match probability is the _______ of the frequency.

Answer 43

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Question 44

The likelihood ratio is the same numerical value as the _____ ______.

Answer 44

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Question 45

At a specific locus, a child can inherit only _____ allele from his or her father and _____ allele from his or her mother.

Answer 45

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Question 46

The genetic information carried by mtDNA is essential. Geneticists refer to this as being highly ________.

Answer 46

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Question 47

DNA ______ is a technique that determines the sequences of bases along a DNA strand.

Answer 47

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Question 48

The first mtDNA to be determined is the _______ sequence, and it is used as a reference sequence.

Answer 48

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Question 49

A person inherits mtDNA from his or her _______.

Answer 49

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Question 50

A maximum of ______ alleles are possible foreach SNP.

Answer 50

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