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CHE104 > Ch. 4 The Microscope and Forensic Identification of Hair, Fibers, and Paint > Flashcards

Ch. 4 The Microscope and Forensic Identification of Hair, Fibers, and Paint Flashcards

1
Q

amorphous material

A

a solid without order in the arrangement of its atoms

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2
Q

anagenic phase

A

the initial phase of hair growth, when the hair follicle is producing hair

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3
Q

anisotropic material

A

material that appears different when the direction of observation is changed

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4
Q

basecoat

A

the layer of automotive paint that contains the colored pigments

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5
Q

Becke line

A

a bright line that develops as the objective lens of a microscope is moved out of focus

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6
Q

binder

A

the material that hardens as the paint dries, forming a continuous film

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7
Q

birefringement material

A

an anisotropic material

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8
Q

catagenic phase

A

the intermediate stage of hair growth, which occurs between the anagenic and telogenic phases

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9
Q

cellulosic fibers

A

fibers that are produced from cellulose-containing raw materials, such as tress or other plants

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10
Q

clearcoat

A

outermost layer of automobile paint that contains no pigment

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11
Q

comparison microscope

A

two microscopes linked by an optical bridge

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12
Q

compound microscope

A

a microscope with one body tube that is used for magnification in the range of 25x to 1200x

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13
Q

condenser

A

a lens under the microscope stage that focuses the light on the specimen

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14
Q

cortex

A

the body of the hair shaft

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15
Q

cuticle

A

a scale structure covering the exterior of the hair

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16
Q

depth of focus

A

the depth of the area of the specimen that is in focus

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17
Q

electrocoat primer

A

first layer of paint applied to the steel body of an automobile

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18
Q

field of view

A

the part of the specimen that can be seen through the microscopic lenses

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19
Q

follicular tag

A

tissue surrounding the hair shaft that adheres to hair when it is pulled out

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20
Q

illuminator

A

the part of a microscope that illuminates the specimen for viewing

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21
Q

isotropic materials

A

materials that have the same optical properties when observed from any direction

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22
Q

keritin

A

the primary protein that forms hair and nails

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23
Q

medulla

A

a column of cells running down the center of the hair

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24
Q

micrometer

A

one-millionth of a meter (μm)

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25
Q

microspectrophotometer

A

a microscope that measures the interaction of infrared or ultraviolet radiation with a sample

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26
Q

objective lens

A

the lower lens of a microscope; the lens closest to the specimen

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27
Q

ocular lens

A

the upper lens of a microscope; the lens nearest to the eye

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28
Q

pigment

A

added to paint to give it color

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29
Q

plane-polarized light

A

light that oscillates in only one plane

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30
Q

pleochroism

A

a property of a substance in which it shows different colors when exposed to polarized light from different directions

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31
Q

polarizer

A

a lens that passes light waves that are oscillating only in one plant

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32
Q

polarizing microscope

A

a microscope that illuminates the specimen with polarized light

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33
Q

polymer

A

a large organic molecule made up of repeating units of smaller molecules (monomers)

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34
Q

primer surfacer

A

a layer of automobile paint that slows corrosion of the underlying steel

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35
Q

“real” image

A

the actual nonmagnified image

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36
Q

refraction

A

the bending of light waves

37
Q

refractive index

A

a ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum to its velocity in another medium

38
Q

regenerated fibers

A

fibers made by treating cotton or wood with a variety of chemicals

39
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

a microscope that illuminates the specimen with a beam of electrons

40
Q

solvent

A

the liquid in which the components of paint are suspended

41
Q

spectroscopy

A

measurement of absorption of light by different materials

42
Q

stereoscopic microscope

A

a microscope with 2 separate body tubes that allow both eyes to observe the specimen at low or medium magnification

43
Q

synthetic fibers

A

fibers produced from chemicals made from refined petroleum or natural gas

44
Q

telogenic phase

A

the final phase of hair growth, during which hair falls out of the follicle

45
Q

virtual image

A

an image that is seen only by looking through a lens

46
Q

warp

A

lengthwise strand of yarn on a loom

47
Q

weft

A

crosswire strands of yarn on a loom

48
Q

working distance

A

the distance between the object being investigated and the objective lens

49
Q

A magnifying glass is a(n) ______ that is thicker in the middle than at the edge.

A

bi-convex

50
Q

How much light bends depends on the change in ______ as the light enters and leaves the magnifying glass.

A

refractive index

51
Q

When using a magnifying glass, the magnified image is known as the _______ image.

A

virtual

52
Q

A(n) ______ microscope has two lenses that are at fixed distances from one another in a hallow tube.

A

compound

53
Q

The lower lens in a compound microscope is the _____ lens.

A

objective

54
Q

The upper lens in the eyepiece of the compound microscope is the _____ lens.

A

ocular

55
Q

A compound microscope can magnify objects up to _____ times.

A

1500

56
Q

As the numerical aperture (NA) of a microscope lens doubles, it is able to resolve details that are ______ as close to one another.

A

twice

57
Q

The thickness of the region that is in focus when using a compound microscope is called the ______.

A

depth of focus

58
Q

The light rays from the illuminator are condensed and focused through the ______ lens.

A

condenser

59
Q

Side-by-side comparisons of specimens are best performed by using a(n) _____ microscope.

A

comparison

60
Q

The ______ microscope has two eye pieces.

A

stereoscopic

61
Q

The distance between the objective lens and the specimen is the ______.

A

working distance

62
Q

______ materials have the same optical properties when observed from all directions.

A

isotropic

63
Q

As the direction of observation is changed, _____ materials will change their appearance.

A

anisotropic

64
Q

______ is the property of a substance in which it shows different colors when exposed to polarized light coming from different directions.

A

pleochromism

65
Q

The microspectrophotometer is an instrument that attaches a spectrophotometer to a(n) ______.

A

microscope

66
Q

With a microspectrophotometer, the UV, visible, and _____ spectrum of the sample can be measured.

A

infrared (IR)

67
Q

A spectrophotometer measures the light intensity as a function of ______ after the light has interacted with the sample.

A

wavelength

68
Q

Hair is composed primarily of the protein ______.

A

keratin

69
Q

The electrons that are immediately reflected back toward the electron source in a scanning electron microscope are called ______ electrons.

A

backscattered

70
Q

A human hair has three layers: the ______, the ______, and the ______.

A

cuticle, cortex, medulla

71
Q

The medulla of human hair is ______ (cylindrical/patterned).

A

cylindrical

72
Q

The initial phase of hair growth is known as the ______ (catagenic/ anagenic/ telogenic) phase.

A

anagenic

73
Q

During the final phase of hair growth, known as the ______ phase, hair becomes loose and falls out.

A

telogenic

74
Q

The three most basic weaves in fabrics are ______, ______, and ______.

A

plain, twill, satin

75
Q

Cellulosic fibers are produced from raw materials from trees or plants that contain ______.

A

cellulose

76
Q

Synthetic fibers are produced from chemicals made from refined ______.

A

petroleum

77
Q

Synthetic fibers made from cellulose fibers are also known as ______ fibers.

A

regenerated

78
Q

______-shaped synthetic fibers reflect more light and give an attractive sparkle to textiles.

A

trilobal

79
Q

The first step in comparing two synthetic fibers is to examine the fibers with a(n) ______ microscope.

A

refractive index

80
Q

Synthetic fibers can be identified by comparing their ______ & ______.

A

physical and chemical compositions

81
Q

Paints have three major components. They are ______, ______, and ______.

A

pigment, solvent, binder

82
Q

Paint evidence is very important in ______ and _____.

A

burglary, automobile crimes

83
Q

Other than color, what is the most important physical property of a paint chip when making a comparison? ______.

A

texture and layer sequence

84
Q

Paint chips can be picked up by sliding a piece of ______ under the chip.

A

paper

85
Q

A reference paint sample can be obtained from an automobile by using a(n) ______.

A

scalpel

86
Q

A unique fit of the edges of two paint chips is called a(n) ______ match.

A

jigsaw

87
Q

Sometimes a paint chip is cast into a block of epoxy and cut with a microtome to reveal its ______ structure.

A

layer

88
Q

Infrared microspectrophotometry will reveal the ______ components of a paint chip.

A

major organic

89
Q

Destructive chemical tests can be carried out on paint chips by applying ______ to the paint chips.

A

solvent

CHE104 (15 decks)

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