Ch. 12 Forensic Toxicology

Question 1

alveoli

Answer 1

tiny sacs w/in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide takes place

Question 2

anticoagulant

Answer 2

a chemical that inhibits the coagulation of blood

Question 3

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

Answer 3

the amount of alcohol in a person’s blood

Question 4

catalyst

Answer 4

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction w/out being consumed during that reaction

Question 5

DUI

Answer 5

driving under the influence of alcohol

Question 6

DUID

Answer 6

driving under the influence of drugs

Question 7

excretion

Answer 7

the act or process of discharging waste matter from the blood, tissues, or organs

Question 8

fuel cell

Answer 8

a device that directly converts chemical energy into electrical energy through chemical reactions

Question 9

metabolites

Answer 9

the metabolic breakdown products of drugs

Question 10

oxidation

Answer 10

a chemical reaction in which oxygen is combined w/ other substances

Question 11

retention time

Answer 11

the amount of time it takes a compound to be separated via a gas chromatography

Question 12

vitreous humor

Answer 12

liquid inside the eye

Question 13

vitreous humor

Answer 13

liquid inside the eye

Question 14

Because there are so many possible poisons, the postmortem toxicological examination begins with a(n) ______ ______ of the deceased

Answer 14

case history

Question 15

The _____, _____, and _____ are organs that should be collected for postmortem toxicological analysis.

Answer 15

brain, liver & kidney

Question 16

If it is suspected that a poison was administered orally, the _____ should be analyzed first.

Answer 16

gastrointestinal (GI)

Question 17

A positive immunoassay test leads to a confirmation test that is usually performed by ______.

Answer 17

GC-MS

Question 18

Postmortem blood from the _______ has been found to contain higher concentrations of drugs than other parts of the body.

Answer 18

heart

Question 19

Arsenic concentrates in the _____ of the person who was poisoned.

Answer 19

hair

Question 20

The most widely abused drug in Western countries is ______.

Answer 20

alcohol

Question 21

A BAC of 0.08% is equivalent to ______ grams of alcohol per 100mL of blood.

Answer 21

0.08

Question 22

Is the field sobriety a presumptive or confirmatory test?

Answer 22

presumptive

Question 23

Legislation that triggers sanctions at a certain BAC level is called “______” legislation.

Answer 23

per se

Question 24

The laws that require motorists to undergo an alcohol breath test or face the loss of their driver’s licence are known as _____ ______ laws.

Answer 24

implied consent

Question 25

Alcohol acts as a(n) ______ on the central nervous system.

Answer 25

depressant

Question 26

Most of the alcohol a person drinks is absorbed into the bloodstream through the ____ ______.

Answer 26

stomach (20%) & small intestine (80%)

Question 27

The higher the proportion of water in an organ, the ______ (higher/lower) the concentration of alcohol.

Answer 27

lower

Question 28

Alcohol in the body is oxidized in this organ

Answer 28

liver

Question 29

More than 90% of the ethyl alcohol that enters the body is completely oxidized to _______.

Answer 29

acetic acid

Question 30

Alcohol that is not metabolized is excreted in the sweat, the urine, or the _______.

Answer 30

breath

Question 31

If alcohol is taken on a full stomach, the rate at which the BAC increases is _____ (slower/higher) than when alcohol is taken on an empty stomach.

Answer 31

slower

Question 32

Blood vessels called _____ carry blood away from the heart.

Answer 32

arteries

Question 33

Blood vessels called _____ carry blood back to the heart.

Answer 33

veins

Question 34

The distribution of alcohol between the blood and the air in the lungs can be determined by applying ______ law.

Answer 34

Henry's

Question 35

One milliliter of blood will contain the same amount of alcohol as ______ milliliters of expired breath.

Answer 35

2100

Question 36

In the Breathalyzer, ethyl alcohol reacts with _______; this reaction is accompanied by a color change.

Answer 36

potassium dichromate

Question 37

In the Breathalyzer, ______ ethyl alcohol molecules react w/ _____ potassium dichromate molecules.

Answer 37

3, 2

Question 38

The silver nitrate that is present in the Breathalyzer solution is not written in the chemical equation because it is a(n) ______ in this reaction.

Answer 38

catalyst

Question 39

The more alcohol present in the breath sample, the ______ (greater/smaller) the absorbance observed by the Intoxilyzer.

Answer 39

greater

Question 40

The Intoxilyzer contains _______ filters, each of which allows only a narrow-wavelength band of IR to reach the detector.

Answer 40

IR

Question 41

Common interferences in breath alcohol tests are ______, from fingernail polish, and ________, a common solvent in oil-based paints.

Answer 41

acetone; toluene

Question 42

The reaction that takes place in the fuel cell of the Alcosensor converts ethyl alcohol to ________.

Answer 42

acetic acid

Question 43

The most reliable method of determining BAC is by ______ ______.

Answer 43

bloody tests