Ch. 7 Questioned Documents

Question 1

biometrics

Answer 1

a technology using features of the human body for identfication

Question 2

block capitals

Answer 2

uppercase, unjoined letters

Question 3

class characteristic

Answer 3

a feature that is common to a group of items

Question 4

cursive

Answer 4

a type of writing in which the letters are joined and the pen is not lifted after writing each letter

Question 5

electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA)

Answer 5

an instrument used to visualize writing impressions

Question 6

erasure

Answer 6

the removal of writing or printing from a document

Question 7

forgery

Answer 7

when a person creates a document (or other object) or alters an existing document (or object) in an attempt to deceive other individuals, whether for profit or for other nefarious purposes, such as entering the country illegally

Question 8

freehand method

Answer 8

a forged signature that was created by simulation rather than by tracing

Question 9

individual characteristic

Answer 9

a feature that is unique to a specific item

Question 10

infrared luminescence

Answer 10

light given off in the infrared region when ink is irradiated with visible light

Question 11

initial stroke

Answer 11

the first stroke leading into a letter or signature

Question 12

intaglio

Answer 12

a printing method in which a metal printing plate is engraved, producing a raised image on the document
- used for security printing

Question 13

documents with intaglio

Answer 13

(1) money
(2) passports
(3) identity documents

Question 14

letterpress printing

Answer 14

a printing method in which detail is raised off the printing plate, which results in a corresponding indentation of the characters of the printed document

Question 15

lithography

Answer 15

a printing method in which an image is transferred from a printing plate to an offset sheet and then onto the document
- resulting image is not raised or indented

Question 16

questioned document

Answer 16

an object that contains typewritten handwritten information but whose authenticity has not yet been definitely proven

Question 17

radio frequency identification (RFID) chip

Answer 17

a computer chip that uses communication via a radio frequency to uniquely identify an object, such as a visa

Question 18

reticle

Answer 18

a network of fine lines in the eyepiece of a microscope that allows the examiner to measure the distance between magnified objects

Question 19

screen printing

Answer 19

a printing method in which ink is passed through a screen

Question 20

script

Answer 20

a writing style characterized by lowercase unjoined letters

Question 21

terminal stroke

Answer 21

the final stroke trailing away from a letter, word, or signature

Question 22

thin-layer chromatography (TLC)

Answer 22

a technique used for separating components in a mixture

- used to separate components of different inks

Question 23

trace-over method

Answer 23

the copying of a genuine signature by tracing over it

Question 24

watermark

Answer 24

a translucent design impressed into more expensive paper during its manufacture

Question 25

A(n) _______ is a document (or other object) that contains typewritten or handwritten information whose authenticity is in question.

Answer 25

questioned document

Question 26

_______ is the process of making or adapting objects or documents with the intention to deceive

Answer 26

forgery

Question 27

The handwriting of young children who write block letters has ________ characteristics.

Answer 27

class

Question 28

Cursive handwriting exhibits ________ characteristics.

Answer 28

class

Question 29

There are three basic types of handwriting: ________, ________, and _________.

Answer 29

block capitals; cursive; script

Question 30

A(n) _______ is an eyepiece that contains a grid of fine lines that is placed on the magnifier to determine the position of the letters being examined.

Answer 30

reticle

Question 31

It is important to determine both the ________ in which the pen strokes were created and the order in which they were made.

Answer 31

direction

Question 32

Handwriting analysis that indicates circular movement of the pen in a clockwise direction indicates ________ (left/right)-handedness.

Answer 32

left-handedness

Question 33

The trace-over method places the document to be forged ______ (under/over) the paper containing the authentic signature.

Answer 33

over

Question 34

Examination of a forged document under ________ light will reveal if a pencil was used first and ink applied over it.

Answer 34

infrared

Question 35

It is possible to lift an authentic signature that was made with a pen containing _________ ink up to an hour after the signature was made.

Answer 35

erasable ink

Question 36

The removal of ink from a document by chemical bleaching can be determined by examination of the discolorations in the paper surface _______ to the bleached ink surface under the microscope.

Answer 36

adjacent

Question 37

Many inks, when they are irradiated with blue-green light, will absorb the blue-green radiation and then give off the radiation in the ________.

Answer 37

infrared

Question 38

A document examiner uses optical methods to examine inks first because these techniques are ________.

Answer 38

not destructive

preserve the evidence

Question 39

Inks that look identical in color but have different chemical compositions may provide evidence of an alteration when examined using illumination in the _______ region of the spectrum.

Answer 39

infrared

Question 40

When examining ink, the document may be illuminated with near-infrared illumination and its image then examined sequentially through a series of _________.

Answer 40

optical filters

Question 41

If the masking ink used to conceal underlying writing is transparent to near-infrared light and the underlying ink is opaque, the examiner may reveal the underlying information by using ______ light and a suitable infrared filter.

Answer 41

infrared

Question 42

If the masking ink used to conceal underlying writing is transparent to visible light and the underlying ink is fluorescent, the examiner may reveal the masked information by illuminating the document with intense ______ light, some of which will penetrate the masking ink and induce the underlying ink to fluoresce.

Answer 42

visible

Question 43

The most common chemical technique used to analyze ink is _______.

Answer 43

thin-layer chromatography (TLC)

Question 44

A(n) ______ is the leading technology for detecting indented writing on questioned documents.

Answer 44

electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA)

Question 45

Letters formed by a typewriter produces ________ (individual/class) characteristics.

Answer 45

individual

Question 46

Specks or marks on photocopies called _______ are caused by dirt or scratches on the glass window on which the original document is placed.

Answer 46

trash marks

Question 47

The most common features of paper that are easily measured are the _______, _______, and _________.

Answer 47

color, weight & brightness

Question 48

An examiner can determine whether the paper used for two documents was produced by different manufacturers by stacking the questioned and standard paper next to each other and observing any differences in ______.

Answer 48

dimensions

Question 49

The thickness of paper sheets can be measured by using a(n) ______.

Answer 49

micrometer

Question 50

Some expensive paper, when held up to the light, displays a translucent design called a(n) ________.

Answer 50

watermark

Question 51

In the future, U.S. passports will contain a(n) ________ chip, which the government hopes will make passports harder to counterfeit.

Answer 51

radio frequency identification (RFID)