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CHE104 > Ch. 10 Arson > Flashcards

Ch. 10 Arson Flashcards

1
Q

accelerant

A

any material that is used to start a fire, but usually an ignitable liquid

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2
Q

activation energy

A

the amount of energy that must be applied to reactants to overcome the energy barrier to their reaction

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3
Q

alkane

A

a hydrocarbon containing only carbon-carbon single bonds

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4
Q

backdrift

A

an event in which an oxygen-starved fire suddenly receives oxygen

  • sudden rush of oxygen causes the smoldering materials present to reignite at the same time
  • causes an explosion
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5
Q

combustible liquids

A

liquids w/ flash points ≥ 100˚F (38˚C)

(ie) kerosene & fuel oil

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6
Q

endothermic reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed

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7
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

- forms: heat, chemical, electrical, or mechanical

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8
Q

exothermic reaction

A

a chemical process that releases heat to the surroudnings

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9
Q

flammable liquids

A

liquids w/ flash points ≤ 100˚F (38˚C)

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10
Q

flammable range

A

the range of vapor concentrations in air that is capable of burning

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11
Q

flashover

A

the temperature at which a fire begins unrestrained growth

- can cause complete destruction

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12
Q

flash point

A

the minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce enough vapor to burn

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13
Q

fractional distillation

A

the separation of components of petroleum by boiling followed by condensation into fractions w/ similar boiling ranges

  • small molecules w/ low bp emerge 1st
  • large molecules w/ high bp emerge 2nd
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14
Q

gas chromatography (GC)

A

a technology used to separate complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers & ketones

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15
Q

gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

A

use of a gas chromatograph (separates components of a mixture) in conjunction w/ a mass spectrometer (identifies each component by measuring its mass)

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16
Q

headspace

A

the space above fire debris that has been stored in a sealed container

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17
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a chemical that contains only two elements: carbon & hydrogen

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18
Q

incipient stage

A

the growth phase of a fire, which begins at ignition

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19
Q

kerosene

A

a petroleum fraction that boils at temperatures btwn 100˚F (149˚C) and 550˚F (288˚C)
- used in space heaters, cook stoves & wick lamps

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20
Q

lower explosive limit (LEL)

A

the lowest concentration of vapor in air that will burn

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21
Q

oxidation

A

a chemical reaction in which oxygen is combined w/ other substances

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22
Q

pyrolysis

A

the decomposition of a substance by application of heat

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23
Q

structural isomers

A

organic compounds that have the same formula but different molecular structures

24
Q

upper explosive limit (UEL)

A

the highest concentration of vapor in air that will burn

25
Q

_________ is the leading cause of arson.

A

drugs

26
Q

Oxidation is a chemical reaction between a substance and _________.

A

oxygen

27
Q

_______ reactions produce heat.

A

exothermic

28
Q

_______ reactions absorb heat.

A

endothermic

29
Q

The rate of chemical reaction is the ________ at which reactions are converted into products.

A

energy

30
Q

The minimum amount of energy that a reactant molecule must possess to react is called the ________.

A

activation energy

31
Q

The three factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction are _________, ________, and _________.

A

1) temperature
2) concentration of reactants
3) presence of catalysts

32
Q

A fuel will produce a flame only when a sufficient number of fuel molecules are in the ________ state.

A

gaseous

33
Q

The _______ is the minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce enough vapor to burn.

A

flash point

34
Q

Liquids with flash points of 100˚F (38˚C) or higher are known as _______ liquids.

A

combustible

35
Q

Liquids with flash points of 100˚F (38˚C) or lower are known as _______ liquids.

A

flammable

36
Q

The breakdown of solids by heat is called ________.

A

pyrolysis

37
Q

Yellow flames indicate ________ combustion.

A

incomplete

38
Q

________ is a term that describes combustion at a surface that occurs without flames.

A

combustion

39
Q

The concentration of gaseous fuel that will support combustion is called the _________.

A

flammable range

40
Q

The lowest concentration of gaseous fuel that will support combustion is called the _______.

A

lower explosive limit (LEL)

41
Q

A vapor density that is ________ (greater/less) than 1 means the vapor is lighter than air.

A

less

42
Q

The rate of chemical oxidation (burning) ______ for every 50˚F (10˚C) rise in the temperature.

A

doubles

43
Q

The first stage of a fire is called the ________ stage.

A

incipient

44
Q

The second stage of a fire is called the ________ stage.

A

growth

45
Q

______ occurs when there is spontaneous combustion of all fuels in a room.

A

flashover

46
Q

If oxygen suddenly comes in contact with smoldering material, an explosive reaction can take place that is commonly called ________.

A

backdrift

47
Q

Heating wood causes it to decompose by releasing gases and leaving a solid residue called _________.

A

ash

48
Q

A common fire pattern has a distinctive ______ shape.

A

V

49
Q

In determining the origin of a fire, the _______ theory helps identify the source of the fire.

A

backwards

50
Q

Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds are called ________.

A

alkanes

51
Q

Crude petroleum is separated by _______ ________ in the refinery.

A

fractional distillation

52
Q

Accelerant residue in fire debris is removed by one of two techniques ________ or ______.

A

passive headspace diffusion (charcoal sampling)

solid-phase microextraction

53
Q

In gas chromatography, the sample is usually introduced into the GC instrument by a(n) _________.

A

injector

54
Q

Generally, the component of the sample with the _______ boiling point comes out last.

A

highest

55
Q

Individual components of a sample produce symmetrically shaped GC peaks, and the ________ is proportional to the concentration of that component.

A

area under each peak

56
Q

Each component of a sample has a unique GC _______ ________.

A

fingerprint

CHE104 (15 decks)

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