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Pathology > Ch. 9: Disorders of the Heart > Flashcards

Ch. 9: Disorders of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

forward effect of RV heart failire

A

negligible

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2
Q

what is normall the only avenue for electrical signals to pass from atria to ventricles?

A

bundle of His

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3
Q

myocardial cells function together like what?

A

a single large cell…contraction is all or nothing

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4
Q

what ensure one-way BF?

A

cardiac valves

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5
Q

what supply blood to the heart?

A

coronary arteries

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6
Q

record the voltage changes with each heartbeat

A

ECG

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7
Q

what transmits the signal for each heartbeat?

A

CCS

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8
Q

atria and ventricles are ( )

A

electrically separated

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9
Q

Heart failure is an inability to ( ) OR demand satisfied only by ( )

A
  • metabolic demand

- ventricular dilation

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10
Q

3 aspects to heart failure

A

1) systolic or diastolic failure
2) forward and backward effect
3) compensated or uncompensated failure

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11
Q

systolic failure

A

decreased SV/contractile power (ex. infarct)

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12
Q

siastolic failure

A

impaired filling (SV and contractile power is okay) – ex. stiff or diseased muscle

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13
Q

forward effect

A

low CO, downstream hypoxia

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14
Q

backward effect

A

upstream venous congestion

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15
Q

frank starling curve example of…

A

compensated or uncompensated failure

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16
Q

what does heart disease manifest as?

A
  • decreased CO

- increased cardiac effort

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17
Q

5 mechanisms of heart disease

A

1) pump failure
2) obstructed flow (coronary AS or valve stenosis)
3) valve regurgitation
4) shunt
5) abnormal conduction

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18
Q

LV forward effect

A

low flow, hypoxia, organ failure

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19
Q

LV backward effect

A

pulmonary congestion, edema

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20
Q

LVF or RVF common?

A

LVF: caused by infarct, valve disease

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21
Q

RVF forward effect

A

low pulmonary perfusion (of little clinical consequence)

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22
Q

RVF backward effect

A

systemic venous congestion (enlarged liver, spleen; dependent edema…ex, legs)

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23
Q

RVF usual cause

A

lung congestion from LVF; less often due to lung disease(which blocks pulmonary arterial flow, cause pulmonar hypertension and RV hypertrophy– [COR PULMONALE]

24
Q

heart failure treatment: lessens cardiac demand

A

weight loss

25
Q

heart failure treatment: lowers BV and lessens cardiac demand

A

sodium restriction

26
Q

what type of disease is coronary artery disease?

A

a lifestyle disease

27
Q

most common cause of death in US

A

coronary artery disease (~1/3)

28
Q

half of all acut MIs occur is which people?

A

people with few or no risk factors and no prior symptoms

29
Q

obstructed coronary BF causes…

A

myocardial ischemia

30
Q

predictible angia (exercise and stuff)

A

stable angina

31
Q

unpredictable angina (not due to exercise)

A

unstable angina

32
Q

acute ischemia produces what effects?

A

angina andmyocardial infarction

33
Q

circumscribed area of muscle necrosis caused by ischemia downstram of atheromatous plaque rupture, hmorrhage, ulceration that precipitates an occlusive thrombosis

A

myocardial infarction

34
Q

what should be suspected in adults with chest pain?

A

coronary artery disease (CAD)

35
Q

blood markers of CAD

A

enzymes and cardiac troponin

36
Q

chest pains with nausea and vomiting

A

myocardial infarction

37
Q

what is the most common cause of valve disease?

A

degenration (age-related)

38
Q

what is a cause of valve disease?

A

rheumatic fever

39
Q

what is usualy a disease of valves?

A

endocarditis (infection of interior of heart)

40
Q

inflammation of the myocardium

A

myocarditis

41
Q

myocarditis if usually ( ) and presents as failure or arrhythmia

A

viral

42
Q

non-inflammatory, intrinsic diseases of cardiac muscle

A

cardiomyopathies

43
Q

cardiomyopathies: cause usually unkown (some are genetic)

A

primary

44
Q

cardiomyopathies: chronic ischemia (CAD), left ventricular hypertophy, others (ex. amyloidosis)

A

secondary

45
Q

3 anatomic types of cardiomyopathies

A

1) dilated
2) hypertophic
3) restrictive

46
Q

cardiomyopathies: common, viral, genetic, alcoholic, chronic ischemia

A

dilated (congestive)

47
Q

cardiomyopathies: half genetic, others unkown

A

hypertophic

48
Q

cardiomyopathies: rare, most genetic (endomyocardial fibrosis)

A

restrictive

49
Q

what is one cause of ventricular hypertrophy and dysfuction?

A

HTN (LV= systemic HTN or RV= pulmonary HTN)

50
Q

right to left shunts are ( )

A

cyanotic

51
Q

left to right shunts are

A

non-cyanotic (atiral or ventricular septal defect)

52
Q

how common are tumors of the heart

A

very rare

53
Q

90% of primary heart tumors

A

myxoma

54
Q

normal cardiac rhythm depends on..

A

unique anatomy and electrophysiology

55
Q

atrial fibrillation vs flutter

A

fibilation is random, flutter is regular

Pathology (14 decks)

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