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Pathology > Ch. 8: Disorders of Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Ch. 8: Disorders of Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

all vessels and heart chambers lined by what?

A

endothelium

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2
Q

blood vessel: high pressure, low volume; elastic, muscular, thick walls

A

arteries

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3
Q

2/3 of blood in what?

A

venous system (only 1/3 in arteriole system)

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4
Q

what controls the resistance?

A

arterioles (dilate and constrict:

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5
Q

blood vessel:low pressure, high volume; compliant, thin walls

A

veins

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6
Q

blood vessel:endothelium only

A

capillaries

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7
Q

BP=

A

CO * peripheral resistance

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8
Q

CO=

A

HR * SV

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9
Q

peripheral resistance varies inversely with ( )

A

fourth power of vessel radius

PR= 1/r^4

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10
Q

peripheral resistance is mainly influenced by

A

arterioles

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11
Q

what plays a role in BP homeostatis?

A

kidneys

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12
Q

difference b/w lipid and fat

A

fat is solid at room temp

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13
Q

what influence vascular health and disease?

A

plasma lipids

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14
Q

plasma lipid: slick, organic, not soluble in H20, liquid at room tepm

A

lipid

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15
Q

plasma lipid: a lipid that is sold at room temp

A

fat

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16
Q

lipids in blood are attached to apoprotein to form ( )

A

lipoprotein

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17
Q

lipids are sorted by…

A

density and chemistry

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18
Q

lipid densities

A

High (HD), low (LD), very low (VLD)

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19
Q

lipid chemistry

A

cholesterol and triglyceride

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20
Q

is “normal” a useful concept for plasma lipids?

A

no, “optimal” is better

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21
Q

triglyceride density

A

VLDL

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22
Q

combination plasma lipids

A

LDL-Chol, HDL-Chole, triglyceride (VLDL)

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23
Q

what are necessary in the production of atherosclerosis (AS) but are NOT the primary CAUSE…what is the primary cause?

A

blood lipids; damaged endothelium

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24
Q

lowering blood cholestrol 50 mg/dL cuts risk by…

A

50%

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25
Q

AS doesn’t occur around what LDL-cholesterol?

A

150 mg/dL

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26
Q

Hypertensive vascular disease begins with ( ) and evolves

A

endothelial injury

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27
Q

what is the cause of most hypertension?

A

unkown

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28
Q

what damages arteries and organs?

A

hypertension

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29
Q

what treatment is usually effective for HVD?

A

diet and drug

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30
Q

classification: normal BP

A

<120 (systolic) and 80 (diastolic)

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31
Q

classification:prehypertension

A

120-139 (systolic) or 80-89 (diastolic)

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32
Q

classification:stage 1

A

140-159 *systolic) or 90-99 (diastolic)

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33
Q

classification: stage 2

A

> /= 160 (systolic) or >/= 100 (diastolic)

34
Q

Initiate Rx for BP: age < 60

A

drug Rx diastolic >90. systolic >140

35
Q

initiate Rx for BP: age >60

A

drug Rx distolic <90, systolic >150

36
Q

Initiate Rx for BP: diabetes or chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A

drug Rx >140/90

37
Q

Rx target BP

A

<140/90

38
Q

Black drug Rx for BP

A

thiazides or CCBs

39
Q

non-Black drug Rx for BP

A

thiazides, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), ACE inhibitors, ACEs receptor blockers (ARBs)

40
Q

CKD drug Rx for BP

A

ACEs or ARBs

41
Q

escalation Rx for BP: okay to try max doses when?

A

in sequential trial or submaximal in combination

42
Q

SPRINT Trial (systoltic BP intervential Trial): Rx targer=

A

systolic < 120

43
Q

HVD begins with ( ) and evolves

A

endothelial injury

44
Q

95% of cases: unknown cause=

A

primary hypertension

45
Q

genetic risk factors for HTN (hypertension)

A

African American, male

46
Q

what is the key in BP control

A

kidneys

47
Q

other influences in HTN

A

stress, obesity, smoking, indolence

48
Q

about ( ) of HTN can be linked to specific causes

A

5%

49
Q

what is HTN that can be linked to specific causes?

A

secondary HTN

50
Q

ex. of secondary HTN

A

rendovascular HTN, excess cortisol, adrenal medullary tumor secretion of epinephrine/norepinephrine

51
Q

HTN are ( ) until complications arise

A

silent (can’t feel it)

52
Q

complications from HTN

A

LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy), kidney failure, hemorrhagic stroke, retinopathey

53
Q

HTN accelerates what?

A

atherosclerosis

54
Q

AS begins with…

A

endothelial injury

55
Q

T/F: AS only needs endothelial injury to come about

A

F: lipids are also essential!

56
Q

C-reactive protein means…

A

inflammation is going on somether in the body and it couldbe due to AS

57
Q

what is the cause of most atheroscleotic complications?

A

obstructed BF

58
Q

how does AS do damage: tturbulent flow, demand insufficiency

A

gradual stenosis (old atheromas)

59
Q

how does AS do damage: tintraplaque hemorrhage, ulceration, thrombosis

A

sudden closure (young atheromas)

60
Q

a localized dilation of artery or heart chamber

A

aneurysm

61
Q

what is the main cause of an aneurysm?

A

AS and HTN

62
Q

what is the most common aneurysm?

A

Abdomincal arotic aneurysm (AAA)

63
Q

what looks like an aneurysm but is not?

A

dissecting hematoma

64
Q

what is longitudinal tearing with dissecting hemorrhage b/w layers of wall

A

dissecting hematoma

65
Q

dessecting hematoma: massive hemorrhage, usually fatal

A

exit tear

66
Q

dissecting hematoma: may go undetected

A

reentry tear

67
Q

the vast majority of vasculitis is because of

A

autoimmune

68
Q

vasculitis: 25% of cases associated with polymyalgia rheumatica

A

temporal arteries

69
Q

vasculitis:grandulomatous inflammation of aorta and branches

A

Takayasu arteritis

70
Q

vasculitis: vessels of hands and feet of young heavy smokers; painful ulcers, gangrene

A

thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger disease)

71
Q

exaggerated vasomotor reactivity of small arteries and veins in hands and fingers; sometimes nose, lips, ears

A

Raynaud Syndrome (Phenomenon)

72
Q

Raynaud Phenomenon: most cases in…

A

women

73
Q

Raynaud Phenomenon: triggers

A

cold, emotional stress

74
Q

diseases of veins: incompetent valves from age-related relaxation of wall

A

varicose veins

75
Q

diseases of veins: varicose veins involve increased ( ) in lower leg

A

hydrostatic pressure

76
Q

diseases of veins: in varicose veins, which veins are most affected?

A

superficial veins

77
Q

diseases of veins: statis, poor BF, skin atrophy, ulceration

A

varicose veins

78
Q

diseases of veins: combinations of inflammation and thrombosis

A

thrombophlebitis

79
Q

diseases of veins: what is a common cause of thrombophlebitis?

A

immobility

80
Q

diseases of veins: what is a danger in thrombophlebitis

A

thromboembolism (can lead to instantaneous death)

81
Q

types of hemangioma

A

1) nevus flammeus and other congenital
2) spider angioma
3) arteriovenous malformation

82
Q

tumors of blood and lymphatic vessels

A

1) hemangioma
2) lymmphangioma
3) kaposi sarcoma
4) angiosarcoma

Pathology (14 decks)

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