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Pathology > Ch. 8: Disorders of Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Ch. 8: Disorders of Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

all vessels and heart chambers lined by what?

A

endothelium

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2
Q

blood vessel: high pressure, low volume; elastic, muscular, thick walls

A

arteries

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3
Q

2/3 of blood in what?

A

venous system (only 1/3 in arteriole system)

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4
Q

what controls the resistance?

A

arterioles (dilate and constrict:

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5
Q

blood vessel:low pressure, high volume; compliant, thin walls

A

veins

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6
Q

blood vessel:endothelium only

A

capillaries

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7
Q

BP=

A

CO * peripheral resistance

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8
Q

CO=

A

HR * SV

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9
Q

peripheral resistance varies inversely with ( )

A

fourth power of vessel radius

PR= 1/r^4

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10
Q

peripheral resistance is mainly influenced by

A

arterioles

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11
Q

what plays a role in BP homeostatis?

A

kidneys

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12
Q

difference b/w lipid and fat

A

fat is solid at room temp

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13
Q

what influence vascular health and disease?

A

plasma lipids

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14
Q

plasma lipid: slick, organic, not soluble in H20, liquid at room tepm

A

lipid

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15
Q

plasma lipid: a lipid that is sold at room temp

A

fat

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16
Q

lipids in blood are attached to apoprotein to form ( )

A

lipoprotein

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17
Q

lipids are sorted by…

A

density and chemistry

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18
Q

lipid densities

A

High (HD), low (LD), very low (VLD)

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19
Q

lipid chemistry

A

cholesterol and triglyceride

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20
Q

is “normal” a useful concept for plasma lipids?

A

no, “optimal” is better

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21
Q

triglyceride density

A

VLDL

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22
Q

combination plasma lipids

A

LDL-Chol, HDL-Chole, triglyceride (VLDL)

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23
Q

what are necessary in the production of atherosclerosis (AS) but are NOT the primary CAUSE…what is the primary cause?

A

blood lipids; damaged endothelium

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24
Q

lowering blood cholestrol 50 mg/dL cuts risk by…

A

50%

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25
AS doesn't occur around what LDL-cholesterol?
150 mg/dL
26
Hypertensive vascular disease begins with ( ) and evolves
endothelial injury
27
what is the cause of most hypertension?
unkown
28
what damages arteries and organs?
hypertension
29
what treatment is usually effective for HVD?
diet and drug
30
classification: normal BP
<120 (systolic) and 80 (diastolic)
31
classification:prehypertension
120-139 (systolic) or 80-89 (diastolic)
32
classification:stage 1
140-159 *systolic) or 90-99 (diastolic)
33
classification: stage 2
>/= 160 (systolic) or >/= 100 (diastolic)
34
Initiate Rx for BP: age < 60
drug Rx diastolic >90. systolic >140
35
initiate Rx for BP: age >60
drug Rx distolic <90, systolic >150
36
Initiate Rx for BP: diabetes or chronic kidney disease (CKD)
drug Rx >140/90
37
Rx target BP
<140/90
38
Black drug Rx for BP
thiazides or CCBs
39
non-Black drug Rx for BP
thiazides, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), ACE inhibitors, ACEs receptor blockers (ARBs)
40
CKD drug Rx for BP
ACEs or ARBs
41
escalation Rx for BP: okay to try max doses when?
in sequential trial or submaximal in combination
42
SPRINT Trial (systoltic BP intervential Trial): Rx targer=
systolic < 120
43
HVD begins with ( ) and evolves
endothelial injury
44
95% of cases: unknown cause=
primary hypertension
45
genetic risk factors for HTN (hypertension)
African American, male
46
what is the key in BP control
kidneys
47
other influences in HTN
stress, obesity, smoking, indolence
48
about ( ) of HTN can be linked to specific causes
5%
49
what is HTN that can be linked to specific causes?
secondary HTN
50
ex. of secondary HTN
rendovascular HTN, excess cortisol, adrenal medullary tumor secretion of epinephrine/norepinephrine
51
HTN are ( ) until complications arise
silent (can't feel it)
52
complications from HTN
LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy), kidney failure, hemorrhagic stroke, retinopathey
53
HTN accelerates what?
atherosclerosis
54
AS begins with...
endothelial injury
55
T/F: AS only needs endothelial injury to come about
F: lipids are also essential!
56
C-reactive protein means...
inflammation is going on somether in the body and it couldbe due to AS
57
what is the cause of most atheroscleotic complications?
obstructed BF
58
how does AS do damage: tturbulent flow, demand insufficiency
gradual stenosis (old atheromas)
59
how does AS do damage: tintraplaque hemorrhage, ulceration, thrombosis
sudden closure (young atheromas)
60
a localized dilation of artery or heart chamber
aneurysm
61
what is the main cause of an aneurysm?
AS and HTN
62
what is the most common aneurysm?
Abdomincal arotic aneurysm (AAA)
63
what looks like an aneurysm but is not?
dissecting hematoma
64
what is longitudinal tearing with dissecting hemorrhage b/w layers of wall
dissecting hematoma
65
dessecting hematoma: massive hemorrhage, usually fatal
exit tear
66
dissecting hematoma: may go undetected
reentry tear
67
the vast majority of vasculitis is because of
autoimmune
68
vasculitis: 25% of cases associated with polymyalgia rheumatica
temporal arteries
69
vasculitis:grandulomatous inflammation of aorta and branches
Takayasu arteritis
70
vasculitis: vessels of hands and feet of young heavy smokers; painful ulcers, gangrene
thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger disease)
71
exaggerated vasomotor reactivity of small arteries and veins in hands and fingers; sometimes nose, lips, ears
Raynaud Syndrome (Phenomenon)
72
Raynaud Phenomenon: most cases in...
women
73
Raynaud Phenomenon: triggers
cold, emotional stress
74
diseases of veins: incompetent valves from age-related relaxation of wall
varicose veins
75
diseases of veins: varicose veins involve increased ( ) in lower leg
hydrostatic pressure
76
diseases of veins: in varicose veins, which veins are most affected?
superficial veins
77
diseases of veins: statis, poor BF, skin atrophy, ulceration
varicose veins
78
diseases of veins: combinations of inflammation and thrombosis
thrombophlebitis
79
diseases of veins: what is a common cause of thrombophlebitis?
immobility
80
diseases of veins: what is a danger in thrombophlebitis
thromboembolism (can lead to instantaneous death)
81
types of hemangioma
1) nevus flammeus and other congenital 2) spider angioma 3) arteriovenous malformation
82
tumors of blood and lymphatic vessels
1) hemangioma 2) lymmphangioma 3) kaposi sarcoma 4) angiosarcoma

Pathology (14 decks)

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