Ch. 10: Disorders of Respiratory Tract

Question 1

Diff b/w Right main bronchus and left main bronchus

Answer 1

Right is more vertical bc there’s a heart on the left side (so most things go to the right)

Question 2

diff be/w bronchus and bronchiole

Answer 2

bronchus has cartilage (can’t contract well so bronchiole does more of that)

Question 3

Type II pneumocyte makes

Answer 3

surfactant

Question 4

which pneumocyte more numerous and deals with gas exchange?

Answer 4

Type I

Question 5

measures lung volumes and flow rate

Answer 5

spirometry

Question 6

the amount of air expelled from maximal expiration after maximal inspiration

Answer 6

forced vital capacity (FVC)

Question 7

forced expiratory volume in one second

Answer 7

FEV1

Question 8

spirometry ratio

Answer 8

FEV1/FVC

Question 9

FEV1/FVC ration obstructive disease

Answer 9

low (FEV1 decreases and FVC increases)

Question 10

FEV1/FVC ration restrictive disease

Answer 10

near normal (both decrease)

Question 11

upper respiratory tract disease: viral etiology (rhinovirus)

Answer 11

infectious rhinitis (common cold, upper resp infection)

Question 12

upper respiratory tract disease: very common, 20% of US pop (type I immune reaction, immediated hypersensitivity)

Answer 12

allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

Question 13

upper respiratory tract disease: secondary to recurrent rhinitis, not neoplastic

Answer 13

nasal polyps

Question 14

upper respiratory tract disease: sinus mucus accumulation

Answer 14

sinus mecoele

Question 15

upper respiratory tract disease: usually bacterioal, fungal is especially dangerous (diabetics or immunocompromised)

Answer 15

sinusitis, acute and chronic

acute= neutrophils, chronic= plasma

Question 16

upper respiratory tract disease: benign neoplasms, may recur after excision, especially inverted papillomas (HPV etiology)

Answer 16

sinonasal papillomas

Question 17

upper respiratory tract disease: viral and bacerial (ex. step throat)

Answer 17

pharyngitis and tonsillitis

Question 18

upper respiratory tract disease: often secondary to URI

Answer 18

laryngitis

Question 19

upper respiratory tract disease: voice stress, smoking, hoarseness and pain, “linebacker coaches”

Answer 19

vocal cord nodule (singer’s node)

Question 20

upper respiratory tract disease: benign, HPC, often recur after excision

Answer 20

laryngeal papillomas

Question 21

upper respiratory tract disease: risk factors are SMOKING and ALCOHOL ABUSE (in concert) ***

Answer 21

carcinoma of the larynx

Question 22

collapse of the lungs

Answer 22

atelectasis

Question 23

atelectasis leads to

Answer 23

poor or absent gas exchange and risk of infection

Question 24

3 types of atelectasis

Answer 24

1) resoprtion
2) compression
3) contraction

Question 25

atelectasis: due to bronchial obstruction

Answer 25

resporption

Question 26

atelectasis: due to external compression, pleural or sub-diaphragmatic(fluid, air- ex. pneumothorax, blood)

Answer 26

compression

Question 27

atelectasis: due to scarring (ex. TB)

Answer 27

contraction

Question 28

2 varities of pulmonary edema

Answer 28

1) hemodynamic | 2) microvascular injury

Question 29

pulmonary edema: due to left heart failure

Answer 29

hemodynamic

Question 30

pulmonary edema: due to toxic fumes, hot gas (smoke ihalation), bacterial endotoxins, IV drug abuse

Answer 30

microvascular injury

Question 31

microvascular injury may lead to

Answer 31

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Question 32

obstructive lung disease: often obsesm M>F, associated with HTN and heart failure, may lead to injury due to drowsiness

Answer 32

obstructive sleep apnea

Question 33

unlike other obstructive lung deases, which on have normal FEV1/FVC

Answer 33

obstructive sleep apnea

Question 34

obstructive lung disease: bronchospasm and excessive mucus

Answer 34

asthma

Question 35

asthma type: allergic, type I hypersensitivity

Answer 35

atopic

Question 36

asthma type: UR, exercise, air pollution

Answer 36

non-atopic

Question 37

asthma type: wood grain or textile dust

Answer 37

occupational

Question 38

obstructive lung disease: bronchial air-trapping

Answer 38

COPD

Question 39

COPD FEV1/FVC ration

Answer 39

low!!!

Question 40

COPD due to..

Answer 40

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 41

parenchymal destruction

Answer 41

emphysema

Question 42

emphysema can lead to...

Answer 42

pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure (cor pulmonale)

Question 43

COPD: most due to smoking, bronchial and bronchiolar inflammation and excessive mucus production

Answer 43

chronic bronchitis

Question 44

obstructive lung disease:always secondary to something else (ex. cystic fibrosis)

Answer 44

bronchiectasis

Question 45

obstructive lung disease: chronic necrotizing bronchial infection leads to dilitation of small bronchi (mucopurulent filled tubes)

Answer 45

bronchiectasis

Question 46

restrictive lung disease: what is the only element of most isterstitial disease?

Answer 46

fibrosis

Question 47

restrictive lung disease: has many names, often grouped under the clinical diagnosis of ( )

Answer 47

idopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Question 48

caused by inhaled dust and fumes, including abestosis

Answer 48

pneumoconioses

Question 49

which diseases go under restrictive lung disease:

Answer 49

pneumoconioses and granulomatous Interstitial diseases

Question 50

restrictive lung disease: important systemic disease under granlomatous interstitial disease

Answer 50

sarcoidosis

Question 51

T cell mediated, chronic exposure organic dusts

Answer 51

hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Question 52

common and can be fatal; almost all originate from deep veins of legs and pelvis

Answer 52

pulmonary throboembolism

Question 53

vacular and circulatory lung disease: associated with immobilization, obesity, cancer, pregnancy

Answer 53

pulmonary thromboembolism

Question 54

vacular and circulatory lung disease: often irreversible and fatal

Answer 54

pulmonary HTN

Question 55

most common cause of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 55

COPD

Question 56

pulmonary HTN can lead to...

Answer 56

con pulmonale (right heart failure)

Question 57

two anatomic types of pneumonia:

Answer 57

alveolar (often bacterial) and interstitial (viral)

Question 58

types of alveolar pneumonia

Answer 58

bronchopneumonia (patchy) and lobar pneumonia (consolidates a lobe...often strep--aka pneumococcus)

Question 59

#1 cause of cancer death in the US

Answer 59

bronchogenic carcinoma

Question 60

what causes bronchogenic carcinoma?

Answer 60

smoking!

Question 61

lung neoplasm: neuroendocrine tumor, less aggresive

Answer 61

bronchial carcinoid

Question 62

air in the pleural space

Answer 62

pneumothorax

Question 63

common causes of pneumothorax

Answer 63

trauma, emphysema, tension pneumothorax, potentially fatal

Question 64

fulid in the pleural space

Answer 64

effusions

Question 65

rare malignancy of the pleura

Answer 65

mesothelioma

Question 66

dieases of the pleura: associated with asbestos eposure

Answer 66

mesothelioma

Question 67

asbestos leads to a ( ) increased risk of lung carcinoma

Answer 67

5X

Question 68

dieases of the pleura: bloody (tumor), whole blood (trauma)

Answer 68

effusions