Ch 3: Disorders of the Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
to cause harm, all nonself threats must first penetrate the physical and chemical barriers of the
A
nonimmune defense mechinisms
2
Q
physical barriers and chemical barriers include:
A
- Skin and conjunctive
- Respiratory, GI, and genitourinary (GU) mucosa
3
Q
1st degree lymphoid organs
A
thymus and bone marrow
4
Q
lymphatic system includes…
A
lymph vessels and second degree lymphoid organs
5
Q
2nd degree lymphoid organs
A
lymh nodes, tonsils, and MALT
6
Q
the spleen is also a ( ) organ but not part of the lymphatic system- instead what does it do?
A
second immune organ; filters blood
7
Q
type of immunity: present from birth, capable of attacking any non-self substance
A
innate
8
Q
innate immunity examples
A
inflammation and NK cells
9
Q
type of immunity: rapid and broad
A
innate
10
Q
type of immunity: intercepts non-self, learns, programs, produces specific response
A
adaptive
11
Q
type of immunity: rifle
A
adaptive
12
Q
“immune response” always refers to
A
adaptive immunity
13
Q
specialized WBCs
A
macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes
14
Q
lymphocytes of innate system
A
NK cells
15
Q
lymphocytes of adaptive system
A
B and T lymphocytes
16
Q
macrophages and dendritic cells are also called
A
antigen presenting cells
17
Q
T/F: alcohol impairs the motion of cilia, predisposing alcoholics to respiratory infections
A
T
18
Q
T/F: immune defense mechanisms are the first line of defense against microorganisms
A
F: nonimmune is the first line of defense mechanism
19
Q
T/F: filtering mechanisms like the spleen and the lymph nodes are nonimmune defense mechanisms
A
T
20
Q
Name a prinicpal nonimmune defense system
A
surface barriers such as skin and mucosa
21
Q
T/F: the white pulp of spleen is made of venous sinuses while red pulp is composed of lymphocytes
A
F
22
Q
MALT is lymphoid tissue present in the upper respiratory tact and…
A
GI tract
23
Q
lymph nodes serve as sentry posts monitoring the body for
A
microbes and tumor cells
24
Q
T/F: vaccines are an example of harnessing the power of the secondary response of adaptive immunity
A
T
25
T/F: innate immunity requires programming
F: it is present from birth and consists of cellular and molecular defense capabilities that have an evolved ability to attack any nonself substance and does not require prior exposure
26
any substance capable of inticing an immune reaction
antigen
27
what's an antibody?
an antiantigen protein
28
T/F: NK cells require immune programming to be effective
F
29
what two immune cell types are able to migrate freely among blood and lymphoid organs?
lymphocytes and macrophages
30
Antibody production is critically dependent on
helper T cells
31
what are immunoglobulins
large proteins with a complex structure
32
what is a plasma cell
antibody-secreting B-cell
33
immunoglobulin: smallest and most abundant
IgG
34
immunoglobulin: mucosal and breast secretions
IgA
35
immunoglobulin: largest, produced rapidly (first antibody to be produced)
IgM
36
immunoglobulin: B-cell membranes, activates clonal expansion
IgD
37
immunoglobulin: on mast cells, allergic reactions
IgE
38
antibodies are effective by: neutralizing of the ( )
antigen
39
antibodies are effective by: causing cell death by rupturing the ( )
cell membrane
40
antibodies are effective by: inticing an inflammatory reaction to neutralize or digest the ( )
microbe
41
antibodies are effective by: making the microbe more susceptible to ( ) by inflammatory cells
phagocytosis
42
T/F: B cells do not require that an antigen presenting cell present antigen to them
T
43
T/F: B cells react only with antigen attached to the surface of a cell
F: It is T cells
44
T/F: B cells must have T cell support to function normally
T
45
Which antibody does not circulate in blood?
IgD and IgE
46
T Lymphocyte-Mediated Immunity: the effector T-Cell
cytotoxic cells
47
cytotoxic cell CD antigen type
CD8
48
T Lymphocyte-Mediated Immunity: help both B and T cell response
Helper T-cells
49
helper T-cells CD antigen type
CD4
50
T Lymphocyte-Mediated Immunity: regulate the response
suppresor T-cells
51
T Lymphocyte-Mediated Immunity: enable a rapid secondary response
Memory T-cells
52
MHC: display antigens synthesized inside a virus-infected or cancerous cell
MHC I
53
MHC: present on the surface of macrophages and dendritic cells, whose job is to cature and display external nonself antigen
MHC II
54
T/F: Class I MHC display occurs on the surface of every cell in the body except RBCs.
T
55
T/F: T cell activation is more complex and takes longer than B cell activation, and is therefore sometimes called "delayed immunity"
T
56
Name the four types of T cells
1) cytotoxic
2) helper
3) supressor (regulator)
4) memory
57
the result of an abnormally active immune system and are the cause of allergy and autoimmune disease
hypersensitivity
58
Which hypersensitivity Type is T-cell?
Type IV (delayed)
59
Which hypersensitivity: immediate hypersensitivity
Type I
60
Which hypersensitivity: cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Type II
61
Which hypersensitivity: immune complex (antigen & antibody)
Type III
62
Type I Immune Reaction example
allergies
63
Type II Immune Reaction example
autoimmunity
64
Type III Immune Reaction example
PSGN
65
Type IV Immune Reaction example
poison ivy
66
T/F: type IV reactions account of allergies
F: it is usually type I
67
what is the name of an antigen bound to its antibody and circulating in blood?
Immune complex
68
What is the name of the hypersensitivity reaction in which an antibody attaches to a cell and injures it?
Type 3, cytotoxic
69
exaggerated immune response
allergy
70
the inciting nonself substance (antigen)
allergen
71
allergy due to type I hypersensitivity, requires priorsensitization
atopy
72
how is atopy mediated?
IgE
73
severe, acute, systemic atopic reaction, potentially fatal
anaphylaxis
74
T/F: all allergies are atopic
F: atopy is allergy due to type I hypersensitivity, but some allergies may be caused by type III hypersensitivity
75
autoimmune definitions
self antigens become immune targets
76
loss of tolerance to self
imperfect B and T cell programming
77
example of hidden self antigen
sympathetic opthalmitis
78
the antigens in some infectious agent or other foreign protein mayy share antigenic molecular features that copy certain self-antigens
molecular mimicry
79
example of molecular mimicry
post-strep rheumatic carditis
80
systemic or organ-specific disease: systemic lupus erythematosus
systemic
81
systemic or organ-specific disease: rheumatoid arthritis
systemic
82
systemic or organ-specific disease: systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
systemic
83
systemic or organ-specific disease: polyarteritis nodosa
systemic
84
systemic or organ-specific disease: multiple sclerosis
organ-specific; brain
85
systemic or organ-specific disease: hashimoto thyroiditis(
organ-specific; thyroid
86
systemic or organ-specific disease: autoimmune hemolytic anemia
organ-specific
87
systemic or organ-specific disease: glomerulonephritis
organ-specifc; kidney
88
systemic or organ-specific disease: primary biliary cirrhosis
organ-specific; liver
89
systemic or organ-specific disease: dermatomyositis
organ-specific; skin
90
systemic or organ-specific disease: myasthenia gravis
organ-specific; skeletal muscle
91
T/F: molecular mimicry is caused my antigens on microbes or other foreign proteins sharing common antigenic features with self-antigen
T
92
T/F: antinuclear antibodies are found only in patients who do not have SLE
False: antinuclear antibodies are regularly found in patients who do not have SLE
93
T/F: polyarteritis nodosa is an example of autoimmune vasculitis
True
94
T/F: rheumatoid factor is a circulating immune complex
True
95
Type 1 diabetes is an example of which type of autoimmune disease reaction?
Type IV hypersensitivity
96
Which is the hypersensitivity mechanism in lupus eryhematosus?
Type III hypersensitivity
97
dysfunction associated with systemic or localized deposition of amyloid (misfolded mutant or normal proteins)
amyloidosis
98
Ig light chain amyloidosis (AL): most common, associated with ...
myeloma
99
reactive amyloidosis (AA): associated with ( )
chronic inflammatory diseases
100
Name the two general categories of amyloidosis
- Those due to the misfolding of normal protein and;
| - those due to the misfolding of mutant proteins
101
Malignancy of what cell is responsible for the most common form of amyloidosis?
B cells
102
The closest donor matches of ( ) have the fewest rejections and are most likely to be found in close relatives of the recipients
antigens
103
transplantation: patient is both donor and recipient
autograft
104
transplantation: transplant b/w two individuals
homograft/allograft
105
transplantation: across species
xenograft
106
transplant rejection: a reaction that occurs within minutes or hours when preformed antibodies in the recipient's blodd react immediately with graft vasculature
hyperacute rejection
107
transplant rejection: usually occurs within a few weeks, owing to an immune vasculitis; however, it can occur later if immunosuppressive therapy fails
acute rejection
108
transplant rejection: develops over a period of months to years and is mainly the result of prolonged T cell assault on donor cells
chronic transplant rejection
109
Type A: antigen
A antigen
110
Type A: antibody
anti-B antibody
111
Type B: antigen
B antigen
112
Type B: anibody
Anti-A antibody
113
Type AB: anigen
A and B antigens
114
Type AB: antibody
neither
115
Type O: antigen
neither
116
Type O: antibody
both
117
Rh positive: antigens
Rh D antigens
118
Rh positive: antibodies
No anti-Rh D antibodies
119
Rh positive: blood types patient can recieve
Rh+ or Rh-
120
Rh negative: antigens
No Rh D antigens
121
Rh negative: antibodies
Anti-Rh D antibodies (only following exposure to Rh D antigen)
122
Rh negative: blood types patient can recieve
Rh-
123
T/F: most major transfustion reactions are causedby human error
true
124
T/F:infants are born with anti-A and anti-B in their blood.
False: infants do not have anti-A or anti-B antibod in their blood at birth; it's acquired later in life
125
T/F: an Rh positive mother can form antibodies against her Rh negative fetus
False: Rh negative mothers can form antibodies to an Rh positive fetus
126
T/F: Acute rejection is the result of both B and T cells
True
127
Are B or T cells the main threat in tissue transplantation?
T cells
128
What mediates hyperacute rejction?
Preformed antibodies
129
The major crossmatch mixes recipient ( ) with donor ( )
plasma; RBC
130
acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: HIV/ADIS
acquired
131
acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: secondary to other diseases and/or therapy
aquired
132
acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's disease)
inherited-lack the ability to produce normal immunoglobulin
133
acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: Isolated IgA deficiency
inherited- recurrent GI, sinus, and pulmonary infections
134
acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: CVID (low plasma Ig levels)
inherited- B cell malfunction associated with low levels of plasma antibodies
135
acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: Di George syndrome (thymic hypoplasia)
inherited- embryonic failure of thymus to develop
136
acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: SCID
inherited- a group of inherited disorders affecting both B and T cell function
137
other than AIDS, what is the most common immunodeficiency?
isolated immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency
138
are heterosexual contacts at risk of getting AIDS?
yes, in underdeveloped countries
139
Step 1 HIV: virus merges with the T lymphocytes's cell membrane and injects its RNA into the ( ), where in a reverse of the usual process, new DNA is synthesized from RNA
cytoplasm
140
Step 2 HIV: The new HIV DNA is oncroporated into the DNA of the ( )
T lymphocyte nucleus
141
Step 3 HIV: The infected T lymphocyte then synthesizes new ( ), which buds from the cell membrane as a new HIV virus, after which the infected T lymphocyte dies
HIV RNA
142
T/F: most immune deficiencies are aquired
T
143
T/F: the HIV virus attackes both B and T cells directly
False: it attacks T cells only
144
T/F: HIV is spread mainly by semen and blood
True
145
T/F: the diagnosis of AIDS depends primarily on finding AIDS-related disease
True
146
name in order the three phases of HIV infection:
1) acute viral syndrome
2) chronic infection
3) AIDS
147
What is the therapy that prolongs life in HIV-infected individuals?
HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy)
148
Why are patients with AIDS at high risk for malignancy?
falied immune surveillance
