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Pathology > Ch 3: Disorders of the Immune System > Flashcards

Ch 3: Disorders of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

to cause harm, all nonself threats must first penetrate the physical and chemical barriers of the

A

nonimmune defense mechinisms

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2
Q

physical barriers and chemical barriers include:

A
  • Skin and conjunctive

- Respiratory, GI, and genitourinary (GU) mucosa

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3
Q

1st degree lymphoid organs

A

thymus and bone marrow

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4
Q

lymphatic system includes…

A

lymph vessels and second degree lymphoid organs

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5
Q

2nd degree lymphoid organs

A

lymh nodes, tonsils, and MALT

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6
Q

the spleen is also a ( ) organ but not part of the lymphatic system- instead what does it do?

A

second immune organ; filters blood

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7
Q

type of immunity: present from birth, capable of attacking any non-self substance

A

innate

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8
Q

innate immunity examples

A

inflammation and NK cells

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9
Q

type of immunity: rapid and broad

A

innate

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10
Q

type of immunity: intercepts non-self, learns, programs, produces specific response

A

adaptive

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11
Q

type of immunity: rifle

A

adaptive

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12
Q

“immune response” always refers to

A

adaptive immunity

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13
Q

specialized WBCs

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes

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14
Q

lymphocytes of innate system

A

NK cells

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15
Q

lymphocytes of adaptive system

A

B and T lymphocytes

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16
Q

macrophages and dendritic cells are also called

A

antigen presenting cells

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17
Q

T/F: alcohol impairs the motion of cilia, predisposing alcoholics to respiratory infections

A

T

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18
Q

T/F: immune defense mechanisms are the first line of defense against microorganisms

A

F: nonimmune is the first line of defense mechanism

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19
Q

T/F: filtering mechanisms like the spleen and the lymph nodes are nonimmune defense mechanisms

A

T

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20
Q

Name a prinicpal nonimmune defense system

A

surface barriers such as skin and mucosa

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21
Q

T/F: the white pulp of spleen is made of venous sinuses while red pulp is composed of lymphocytes

A

F

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22
Q

MALT is lymphoid tissue present in the upper respiratory tact and…

A

GI tract

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23
Q

lymph nodes serve as sentry posts monitoring the body for

A

microbes and tumor cells

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24
Q

T/F: vaccines are an example of harnessing the power of the secondary response of adaptive immunity

A

T

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25
Q

T/F: innate immunity requires programming

A

F: it is present from birth and consists of cellular and molecular defense capabilities that have an evolved ability to attack any nonself substance and does not require prior exposure

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26
Q

any substance capable of inticing an immune reaction

A

antigen

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27
Q

what’s an antibody?

A

an antiantigen protein

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28
Q

T/F: NK cells require immune programming to be effective

A

F

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29
Q

what two immune cell types are able to migrate freely among blood and lymphoid organs?

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

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30
Q

Antibody production is critically dependent on

A

helper T cells

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31
Q

what are immunoglobulins

A

large proteins with a complex structure

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32
Q

what is a plasma cell

A

antibody-secreting B-cell

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33
Q

immunoglobulin: smallest and most abundant

A

IgG

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34
Q

immunoglobulin: mucosal and breast secretions

A

IgA

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35
Q

immunoglobulin: largest, produced rapidly (first antibody to be produced)

A

IgM

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36
Q

immunoglobulin: B-cell membranes, activates clonal expansion

A

IgD

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37
Q

immunoglobulin: on mast cells, allergic reactions

A

IgE

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38
Q

antibodies are effective by: neutralizing of the ( )

A

antigen

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39
Q

antibodies are effective by: causing cell death by rupturing the ( )

A

cell membrane

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40
Q

antibodies are effective by: inticing an inflammatory reaction to neutralize or digest the ( )

A

microbe

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41
Q

antibodies are effective by: making the microbe more susceptible to ( ) by inflammatory cells

A

phagocytosis

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42
Q

T/F: B cells do not require that an antigen presenting cell present antigen to them

A

T

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43
Q

T/F: B cells react only with antigen attached to the surface of a cell

A

F: It is T cells

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44
Q

T/F: B cells must have T cell support to function normally

A

T

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45
Q

Which antibody does not circulate in blood?

A

IgD and IgE

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46
Q

T Lymphocyte-Mediated Immunity: the effector T-Cell

A

cytotoxic cells

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47
Q

cytotoxic cell CD antigen type

A

CD8

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48
Q

T Lymphocyte-Mediated Immunity: help both B and T cell response

A

Helper T-cells

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49
Q

helper T-cells CD antigen type

A

CD4

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50
Q

T Lymphocyte-Mediated Immunity: regulate the response

A

suppresor T-cells

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51
Q

T Lymphocyte-Mediated Immunity: enable a rapid secondary response

A

Memory T-cells

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52
Q

MHC: display antigens synthesized inside a virus-infected or cancerous cell

A

MHC I

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53
Q

MHC: present on the surface of macrophages and dendritic cells, whose job is to cature and display external nonself antigen

A

MHC II

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54
Q

T/F: Class I MHC display occurs on the surface of every cell in the body except RBCs.

A

T

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55
Q

T/F: T cell activation is more complex and takes longer than B cell activation, and is therefore sometimes called “delayed immunity”

A

T

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56
Q

Name the four types of T cells

A

1) cytotoxic
2) helper
3) supressor (regulator)
4) memory

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57
Q

the result of an abnormally active immune system and are the cause of allergy and autoimmune disease

A

hypersensitivity

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58
Q

Which hypersensitivity Type is T-cell?

A

Type IV (delayed)

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59
Q

Which hypersensitivity: immediate hypersensitivity

A

Type I

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60
Q

Which hypersensitivity: cytotoxic hypersensitivity

A

Type II

61
Q

Which hypersensitivity: immune complex (antigen & antibody)

A

Type III

62
Q

Type I Immune Reaction example

A

allergies

63
Q

Type II Immune Reaction example

A

autoimmunity

64
Q

Type III Immune Reaction example

A

PSGN

65
Q

Type IV Immune Reaction example

A

poison ivy

66
Q

T/F: type IV reactions account of allergies

A

F: it is usually type I

67
Q

what is the name of an antigen bound to its antibody and circulating in blood?

A

Immune complex

68
Q

What is the name of the hypersensitivity reaction in which an antibody attaches to a cell and injures it?

A

Type 3, cytotoxic

69
Q

exaggerated immune response

A

allergy

70
Q

the inciting nonself substance (antigen)

A

allergen

71
Q

allergy due to type I hypersensitivity, requires priorsensitization

A

atopy

72
Q

how is atopy mediated?

A

IgE

73
Q

severe, acute, systemic atopic reaction, potentially fatal

A

anaphylaxis

74
Q

T/F: all allergies are atopic

A

F: atopy is allergy due to type I hypersensitivity, but some allergies may be caused by type III hypersensitivity

75
Q

autoimmune definitions

A

self antigens become immune targets

76
Q

loss of tolerance to self

A

imperfect B and T cell programming

77
Q

example of hidden self antigen

A

sympathetic opthalmitis

78
Q

the antigens in some infectious agent or other foreign protein mayy share antigenic molecular features that copy certain self-antigens

A

molecular mimicry

79
Q

example of molecular mimicry

A

post-strep rheumatic carditis

80
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: systemic lupus erythematosus

A

systemic

81
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: rheumatoid arthritis

A

systemic

82
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

A

systemic

83
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: polyarteritis nodosa

A

systemic

84
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: multiple sclerosis

A

organ-specific; brain

85
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: hashimoto thyroiditis(

A

organ-specific; thyroid

86
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: autoimmune hemolytic anemia

A

organ-specific

87
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: glomerulonephritis

A

organ-specifc; kidney

88
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: primary biliary cirrhosis

A

organ-specific; liver

89
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: dermatomyositis

A

organ-specific; skin

90
Q

systemic or organ-specific disease: myasthenia gravis

A

organ-specific; skeletal muscle

91
Q

T/F: molecular mimicry is caused my antigens on microbes or other foreign proteins sharing common antigenic features with self-antigen

A

T

92
Q

T/F: antinuclear antibodies are found only in patients who do not have SLE

A

False: antinuclear antibodies are regularly found in patients who do not have SLE

93
Q

T/F: polyarteritis nodosa is an example of autoimmune vasculitis

A

True

94
Q

T/F: rheumatoid factor is a circulating immune complex

A

True

95
Q

Type 1 diabetes is an example of which type of autoimmune disease reaction?

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

96
Q

Which is the hypersensitivity mechanism in lupus eryhematosus?

A

Type III hypersensitivity

97
Q

dysfunction associated with systemic or localized deposition of amyloid (misfolded mutant or normal proteins)

A

amyloidosis

98
Q

Ig light chain amyloidosis (AL): most common, associated with …

A

myeloma

99
Q

reactive amyloidosis (AA): associated with ( )

A

chronic inflammatory diseases

100
Q

Name the two general categories of amyloidosis

A
  • Those due to the misfolding of normal protein and;

- those due to the misfolding of mutant proteins

101
Q

Malignancy of what cell is responsible for the most common form of amyloidosis?

A

B cells

102
Q

The closest donor matches of ( ) have the fewest rejections and are most likely to be found in close relatives of the recipients

A

antigens

103
Q

transplantation: patient is both donor and recipient

A

autograft

104
Q

transplantation: transplant b/w two individuals

A

homograft/allograft

105
Q

transplantation: across species

A

xenograft

106
Q

transplant rejection: a reaction that occurs within minutes or hours when preformed antibodies in the recipient’s blodd react immediately with graft vasculature

A

hyperacute rejection

107
Q

transplant rejection: usually occurs within a few weeks, owing to an immune vasculitis; however, it can occur later if immunosuppressive therapy fails

A

acute rejection

108
Q

transplant rejection: develops over a period of months to years and is mainly the result of prolonged T cell assault on donor cells

A

chronic transplant rejection

109
Q

Type A: antigen

A

A antigen

110
Q

Type A: antibody

A

anti-B antibody

111
Q

Type B: antigen

A

B antigen

112
Q

Type B: anibody

A

Anti-A antibody

113
Q

Type AB: anigen

A

A and B antigens

114
Q

Type AB: antibody

A

neither

115
Q

Type O: antigen

A

neither

116
Q

Type O: antibody

A

both

117
Q

Rh positive: antigens

A

Rh D antigens

118
Q

Rh positive: antibodies

A

No anti-Rh D antibodies

119
Q

Rh positive: blood types patient can recieve

A

Rh+ or Rh-

120
Q

Rh negative: antigens

A

No Rh D antigens

121
Q

Rh negative: antibodies

A

Anti-Rh D antibodies (only following exposure to Rh D antigen)

122
Q

Rh negative: blood types patient can recieve

A

Rh-

123
Q

T/F: most major transfustion reactions are causedby human error

A

true

124
Q

T/F:infants are born with anti-A and anti-B in their blood.

A

False: infants do not have anti-A or anti-B antibod in their blood at birth; it’s acquired later in life

125
Q

T/F: an Rh positive mother can form antibodies against her Rh negative fetus

A

False: Rh negative mothers can form antibodies to an Rh positive fetus

126
Q

T/F: Acute rejection is the result of both B and T cells

A

True

127
Q

Are B or T cells the main threat in tissue transplantation?

A

T cells

128
Q

What mediates hyperacute rejction?

A

Preformed antibodies

129
Q

The major crossmatch mixes recipient ( ) with donor ( )

A

plasma; RBC

130
Q

acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: HIV/ADIS

A

acquired

131
Q

acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: secondary to other diseases and/or therapy

A

aquired

132
Q

acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton’s disease)

A

inherited-lack the ability to produce normal immunoglobulin

133
Q

acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: Isolated IgA deficiency

A

inherited- recurrent GI, sinus, and pulmonary infections

134
Q

acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: CVID (low plasma Ig levels)

A

inherited- B cell malfunction associated with low levels of plasma antibodies

135
Q

acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: Di George syndrome (thymic hypoplasia)

A

inherited- embryonic failure of thymus to develop

136
Q

acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies: SCID

A

inherited- a group of inherited disorders affecting both B and T cell function

137
Q

other than AIDS, what is the most common immunodeficiency?

A

isolated immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency

138
Q

are heterosexual contacts at risk of getting AIDS?

A

yes, in underdeveloped countries

139
Q

Step 1 HIV: virus merges with the T lymphocytes’s cell membrane and injects its RNA into the ( ), where in a reverse of the usual process, new DNA is synthesized from RNA

A

cytoplasm

140
Q

Step 2 HIV: The new HIV DNA is oncroporated into the DNA of the ( )

A

T lymphocyte nucleus

141
Q

Step 3 HIV: The infected T lymphocyte then synthesizes new ( ), which buds from the cell membrane as a new HIV virus, after which the infected T lymphocyte dies

A

HIV RNA

142
Q

T/F: most immune deficiencies are aquired

A

T

143
Q

T/F: the HIV virus attackes both B and T cells directly

A

False: it attacks T cells only

144
Q

T/F: HIV is spread mainly by semen and blood

A

True

145
Q

T/F: the diagnosis of AIDS depends primarily on finding AIDS-related disease

A

True

146
Q

name in order the three phases of HIV infection:

A

1) acute viral syndrome
2) chronic infection
3) AIDS

147
Q

What is the therapy that prolongs life in HIV-infected individuals?

A

HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy)

148
Q

Why are patients with AIDS at high risk for malignancy?

A

falied immune surveillance

Pathology (14 decks)

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