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3313 > Ch 9 Definitions: Homeostasis, Motivation, and Reward > Flashcards

Ch 9 Definitions: Homeostasis, Motivation, and Reward Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

a physiological state of equilibrium or balance

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2
Q

set point

A

a value that is defended by regulatory systems, such as core temperature or a particular body weight

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3
Q

motivation

A

the process of activating and directing behavior

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4
Q

endotherm

A

an animal that can use internal methods, such as perspiration or shivering, to maintain body temperature

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5
Q

ectotherm

A

an animal that relies on methods, such as moving into the sun or shade, for maintaining body temperature

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6
Q

fever

A

a carefully controlled increase in the body’s thermal set point that is often helpful in ridding the body of disease-causing organisms

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7
Q

hyperthermia

A

a life-threatening condition in which core body temperature increases beyond normal limits in an uncontrolled manner

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8
Q

serotonin syndrome

A

a life-threatening condition characterized by hyperthermia and muscular rigidity caused by excess serotonin activity due to use of therapeutic or recreational drugs

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9
Q

hypothermia

A

a potentially fatal core body temperature below 31C/87.8F

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10
Q

preoptic area (POA)

A

a part of the hypothalamus involved in a number of regulatory functions,
including temperature control

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11
Q

solute

A

a chemical dissolved in solution

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12
Q

solution

A

a fluid containing solutes

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13
Q

electrolyte

A

a substance that has broken up into ions in solution

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14
Q

interstitial fluid

A

a type of extracellular fluid surrounding the body’s cells

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15
Q

isotonic

A

having same concentration of solutes as a reference solution

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16
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water to equalize concentration on two sides of a membrane

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17
Q

hypotonic

A

having a relatively lower concentration of solutes than a reference solution

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18
Q

hypertonic

A

having a relatively higher concentration of solutes than a reference solution

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19
Q

kidney

A

one of a pair of structures located in the lower back responsible for maintaining fluid balance and for producing urine

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20
Q

osmotic thirst

A

thirst produced by cellular dehydration

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21
Q

hypovolemic thirst

A

thirst that results from a decrease in the volume of the extracellular fluid

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22
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a disease characterized by insulin deficiency, resulting in hunger, excess sugar in blood and urine, and extreme thirst

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23
Q

osmoreceptor

A

a receptor that detects cellular dehydration

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24
Q

organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

A

an area located around the third ventricle in the brain that detects cellular dehydration

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25
Q

baroreceptor

A

a receptor in the heart and kidneys that measures blood pressure

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26
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

a hormone that promotes retention of fluid by signaling the kidneys to reduce urine production and by stimulating the release of renin
aka vasopressin

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27
Q

vasopressin

A

another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

28
Q

renin

A

a substance released by kidneys that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin II

29
Q

angiotensinogen

A

a blood protein converted into angiotensin II by renin

30
Q

angiotensin II

A

a hormone that constricts blood vessels to maintain blood pressure and triggers the release of aldosterone

31
Q

aldosterone

A

a hormone that signals the kidney to retain sodium

32
Q

subfornical organ (SFO)

A

an area of the brain located near the junction of the two lateral ventricles that regulates drinking

33
Q

median preoptic nucleus

A

an area of the hypothalamus that is involved with drinking behavior

34
Q

nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)

A

a structure in the medulla that processes information from baroreceptors, osmoreceptors, glucoreceptors, and taste receptors

35
Q

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

a part of the hypothalamus that participates in behavioral responses to thirst and in the initiation of feeding behavior

36
Q

zona incerta

A

an area of the midbrain that participates in the initiation of drinking behavior

37
Q

hyponatremia

A

a life-threatening condition in which both extracellular fluid levels and sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid are too low

38
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

a gut hormone released in response to the consumption of fats that also acts as a CNS neurochemical that signals satiety

39
Q

glucose

A

a type of sugar found in foods that is a major source of energy for living organisms

40
Q

glycogen

A

a complex carbohydrate used to store energy in the liver

41
Q

glucagon

A

a pancreatic hormone that converts glycogen into glucose

42
Q

insulin

A

a pancreatic hormone that facilitated the movement of sugars from the blood supply into the body’s tissues

43
Q

type I diabetes mellitus

A

occurs early in life

insufficient production of insulin

44
Q

type II diabetes mellitus

A

generally diagnosed in middle-age adults

resistance to insulin

45
Q

glucoreceptor

A

a receptor that is sensitive to the presence of glucose

46
Q

leptin

A

a substance secreted by fat cells that helps the body regulate its fat stores

47
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

a cluster of neurons involved with feeding located within the hypothalamus

48
Q

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

a peptide neurochemical secreted by the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that initiates eating

49
Q

agouti-related protein (AgRP)

A

a small protein secreted by the arcuate nucleus that initiates eating

50
Q

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

A

a portion of the hypothalamus

involved with the regulation of hunger

51
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

a pituitary hormone that stimulates the growth and function of the thyroid gland,
which in turn increases metabolic rate

52
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

a pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands

53
Q

melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)

A

a hormone that interacts with leptin and plays a role in the regulation of eating

54
Q

ghrelin

A

a hormone produced in the pancreas and in the stomach

that stimulates feeding behavior

55
Q

orexin

A

a peptide neurochemical produced in the lateral hypothalamus
that stimulates eating
AKA hypocretin

56
Q

satiety

A

the sensation of being full,

cessation of eating

57
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

an area within the hypothalamus that participates in satiety

58
Q

alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (aMSH)

A

a neurochemical originating in the arcuate nucleus,

believed to inhibit feeding behavior

59
Q

cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)

A

a neurochemical originating in the arcuate nucleus,

believed to inhibit feeding behavior

60
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

a measure comparing height and weight

that is used to determine underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obesity

61
Q

obese

A

the state of being extremely overweight,
with BMI of 30.0 to 39.9,
or a weight that is 20% higher than typical

62
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder
characterized by voluntary self-starvation
and grossly distorted body image

63
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder

characterized by cycles of bingeing and purging

64
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

an eating disorder

characterized by bingeing without purging

65
Q

intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)

A

voluntary behavior engaged in by an animal or person that leads to electrical stimulation of a particular part of the brain via a surgically implanted electrode

66
Q

medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

A

a pathway that strongly supports ICSS
that contains ascending and descending fibers
that pass through the lateral hypothalamus
to connect the forebrain and ventral tegmental area

3313 (16 decks)

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