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3313 > Ch 9 Definitions: Homeostasis, Motivation, and Reward > Flashcards

Ch 9 Definitions: Homeostasis, Motivation, and Reward Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

a physiological state of equilibrium or balance

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2
Q

set point

A

a value that is defended by regulatory systems, such as core temperature or a particular body weight

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3
Q

motivation

A

the process of activating and directing behavior

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4
Q

endotherm

A

an animal that can use internal methods, such as perspiration or shivering, to maintain body temperature

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5
Q

ectotherm

A

an animal that relies on methods, such as moving into the sun or shade, for maintaining body temperature

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6
Q

fever

A

a carefully controlled increase in the body’s thermal set point that is often helpful in ridding the body of disease-causing organisms

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7
Q

hyperthermia

A

a life-threatening condition in which core body temperature increases beyond normal limits in an uncontrolled manner

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8
Q

serotonin syndrome

A

a life-threatening condition characterized by hyperthermia and muscular rigidity caused by excess serotonin activity due to use of therapeutic or recreational drugs

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9
Q

hypothermia

A

a potentially fatal core body temperature below 31C/87.8F

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10
Q

preoptic area (POA)

A

a part of the hypothalamus involved in a number of regulatory functions,
including temperature control

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11
Q

solute

A

a chemical dissolved in solution

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12
Q

solution

A

a fluid containing solutes

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13
Q

electrolyte

A

a substance that has broken up into ions in solution

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14
Q

interstitial fluid

A

a type of extracellular fluid surrounding the body’s cells

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15
Q

isotonic

A

having same concentration of solutes as a reference solution

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16
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water to equalize concentration on two sides of a membrane

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17
Q

hypotonic

A

having a relatively lower concentration of solutes than a reference solution

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18
Q

hypertonic

A

having a relatively higher concentration of solutes than a reference solution

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19
Q

kidney

A

one of a pair of structures located in the lower back responsible for maintaining fluid balance and for producing urine

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20
Q

osmotic thirst

A

thirst produced by cellular dehydration

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21
Q

hypovolemic thirst

A

thirst that results from a decrease in the volume of the extracellular fluid

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22
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a disease characterized by insulin deficiency, resulting in hunger, excess sugar in blood and urine, and extreme thirst

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23
Q

osmoreceptor

A

a receptor that detects cellular dehydration

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24
Q

organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

A

an area located around the third ventricle in the brain that detects cellular dehydration

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25
baroreceptor
a receptor in the heart and kidneys that measures blood pressure
26
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a hormone that promotes retention of fluid by signaling the kidneys to reduce urine production and by stimulating the release of renin aka vasopressin
27
vasopressin
another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
28
renin
a substance released by kidneys that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin II
29
angiotensinogen
a blood protein converted into angiotensin II by renin
30
angiotensin II
a hormone that constricts blood vessels to maintain blood pressure and triggers the release of aldosterone
31
aldosterone
a hormone that signals the kidney to retain sodium
32
subfornical organ (SFO)
an area of the brain located near the junction of the two lateral ventricles that regulates drinking
33
median preoptic nucleus
an area of the hypothalamus that is involved with drinking behavior
34
nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)
a structure in the medulla that processes information from baroreceptors, osmoreceptors, glucoreceptors, and taste receptors
35
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
a part of the hypothalamus that participates in behavioral responses to thirst and in the initiation of feeding behavior
36
zona incerta
an area of the midbrain that participates in the initiation of drinking behavior
37
hyponatremia
a life-threatening condition in which both extracellular fluid levels and sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid are too low
38
cholecystokinin (CCK)
a gut hormone released in response to the consumption of fats that also acts as a CNS neurochemical that signals satiety
39
glucose
a type of sugar found in foods that is a major source of energy for living organisms
40
glycogen
a complex carbohydrate used to store energy in the liver
41
glucagon
a pancreatic hormone that converts glycogen into glucose
42
insulin
a pancreatic hormone that facilitated the movement of sugars from the blood supply into the body’s tissues
43
type I diabetes mellitus
occurs early in life | insufficient production of insulin
44
type II diabetes mellitus
generally diagnosed in middle-age adults | resistance to insulin
45
glucoreceptor
a receptor that is sensitive to the presence of glucose
46
leptin
a substance secreted by fat cells that helps the body regulate its fat stores
47
arcuate nucleus
a cluster of neurons involved with feeding located within the hypothalamus
48
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
a peptide neurochemical secreted by the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that initiates eating
49
agouti-related protein (AgRP)
a small protein secreted by the arcuate nucleus that initiates eating
50
paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
a portion of the hypothalamus | involved with the regulation of hunger
51
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
a pituitary hormone that stimulates the growth and function of the thyroid gland, which in turn increases metabolic rate
52
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
a pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands
53
melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)
a hormone that interacts with leptin and plays a role in the regulation of eating
54
ghrelin
a hormone produced in the pancreas and in the stomach | that stimulates feeding behavior
55
orexin
a peptide neurochemical produced in the lateral hypothalamus that stimulates eating AKA hypocretin
56
satiety
the sensation of being full, | cessation of eating
57
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
an area within the hypothalamus that participates in satiety
58
alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (aMSH)
a neurochemical originating in the arcuate nucleus, | believed to inhibit feeding behavior
59
cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)
a neurochemical originating in the arcuate nucleus, | believed to inhibit feeding behavior
60
body mass index (BMI)
a measure comparing height and weight | that is used to determine underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obesity
61
obese
the state of being extremely overweight, with BMI of 30.0 to 39.9, or a weight that is 20% higher than typical
62
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by voluntary self-starvation and grossly distorted body image
63
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder | characterized by cycles of bingeing and purging
64
binge-eating disorder
an eating disorder | characterized by bingeing without purging
65
intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)
voluntary behavior engaged in by an animal or person that leads to electrical stimulation of a particular part of the brain via a surgically implanted electrode
66
medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
a pathway that strongly supports ICSS that contains ascending and descending fibers that pass through the lateral hypothalamus to connect the forebrain and ventral tegmental area

3313 (16 decks)

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