Ch 13 Definitions: Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

lateralization

A

the localization of a function in one hemisphere or the other

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2
Q

hemispherectomy

A

an operation in which the cerebral cortex is removed from one hemisphere

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3
Q

split-brain operation

A

a treatment for seizure disorder in which the commissures linking the two cerebral hemispheres are severed

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4
Q

hippocampal commissure

A

a pathway linking the right and left hippocampal structures

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5
Q

massa intermedia

A

the connection between the right and left thalamic nuclei

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6
Q

dichotic listening

A

a task in which different sounds are presented simultaneously to the right and left ears

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7
Q

prosody

A

the use of pitch and intonation in language to convey emotional tone and meaning

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8
Q

planum temporale

A

an area located posterior to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobes

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9
Q

savant behavior

A

exceptional skills and talents found in people whose intellectual functioning otherwise falls within range of intellectual disability

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10
Q

language

A

a system of communicating thoughts and feeling using arbitrary signals, such as sounds, gestures, or written signals

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11
Q

bilingual

A

proficient in two languages

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12
Q

aphasia

A

a condition involving the loss of the ability to speak or to understand language

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13
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

a condition marked by the production of slow, laborious speech accompanied by good comprehension, poor repetition, and poor naming

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14
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

a condition in which speech is fluent, but comprehension, repetition, and naming are quite poor

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15
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

an area of the cortex adjacent to primary auditory cortex in the left hemisphere
believed to be responsible for decoding speech sounds

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16
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

a pathway connecting Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

17
Q

conduction aphasia

A

a condition characterized by fluent speech and good comprehension but poor repetition and naming;
believed to result from damage to the arcuate fasciculus and underlying structures

18
Q

global aphasia

A

a condition in which all language functions are lost, including both language production and comprehension

19
Q

transcortical aphasia

A

a language disorder resulting from damage to the connections and cortical areas associated with the major language centers

20
Q

transcortical motor aphasia

A

a condition in which language is not fluent, but the ability to repeat is retained

21
Q

transcortical sensory aphasia

A

a condition in which comprehension is poor, but the ability to repeat is retained

22
Q

alexia

A

a condition characterized by the ability to speak and understand the spoken word normally
accompanied by an inability to read or to point to words and letters on command

23
Q

agraphia

A

a condition characterized by the loss of the ability to write

24
Q

dyslexia

A

a condition characterized by difficulty learning to read in spite of normal intelligence and exposure to standard instruction

25
phonological awareness
the ability to discriminate between rapidly presented speech sounds
26
angular gyrus
a region of the parietal lobe believed to participate in language and cognition
27
stutter
to abnormally repeat or prolong speech sounds when speaking
28
intelligence
an individual’s ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, and to overcome obstacles
29
general intelligence (g) factor
a hypothesized single trait that predicts intelligent behavior AKA “Spearman’s g”
30
neuroeconomics
the interdisciplinary approach to understanding decision making that incorporates theories and methods from economics, psychology, and neuroscience