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3313 > Ch 5 Definitions: Genetics & the Development of the Human Brain > Flashcards

Ch 5 Definitions: Genetics & the Development of the Human Brain Flashcards

1
Q

genotype

A

the genetic composition of an individual organism

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2
Q

phenotype

A

the observable appearance of an individual organism

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3
Q

gene

A

a functional hereditary unit made up of DNA that occupies a fixed location on a chromosome

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4
Q

gene expression

A

the translation of the genotype into the phenotype of an organism

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5
Q

allele

A

alternative version of a particular gene

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6
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a given gene

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7
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a given gene

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8
Q

recessive allele

A

a gene that will produce its characteristic phenotype only when it occurs in a homozygous pair

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9
Q

dominant allele

A

a gene that produces its phenotype regardless of whether it occurs in a heterozygous or homozygous pair

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10
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in half in the reproductive cells

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11
Q

linkage

A

the characteristic of genes located adjacent to one another to be passed along as a group

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12
Q

crossing over

A

a process occurring during meiosis in which chromosomes exchange equivalent segments of DNA

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13
Q

mutation

A

a heritable alteration of genes

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14
Q

sex-linked characteristic

A

phenotypical characteristics that result from expression of genes on the X chromosome that are not duplicated on the Y chromosome

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15
Q

X chromosome inactivation

A

the process by which one X chromosome in each female cell is silenced to equalize the amount of proteins produced by males & females

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16
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism

A

variation between alleles involving a single base

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17
Q

copy-number variation (CNVs)

A

variations resulting from insertions, duplications, or deletions of sections of DNA

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18
Q

epigenetics

A

the reversible development of traits by factors that determine how genes perform

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19
Q

histone modification

A

changes in the structure of histones that make it more or less likely that a segment of DNA will be transcribed

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20
Q

DNA methylation

A

addition of a methyl group to a DNA molecule turns off the gene

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21
Q

gene silencing by non-coding RNA

A

regulation of gene expression by segments of RNA that are not translated into protein

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22
Q

RNA interference (RNAi)

A

inhibition of gene expression by non-coding RNA molecules that disable messenger RNA

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23
Q

zygote

A

the cell formed by two merged reproductive cells

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24
Q

embryo

A

in humans, the developing individual between the 2nd & 8th week following conception

25
fetus
the developing organism between the embryonic stage & birth
26
ectoderm
the germ layer that develops into the nervous system, skin, and hair
27
mesoderm
the germ layer that develops into connective tissue, muscle, blood vessels, bone, and the urogenital systems
28
endoderm
the germ layer that develops into internal organs including the stomach & intestines
29
neural plate
a layer formed by differentiating neural cells within the ectoderm of the embryo
30
neural tube
a structure formed by the embryonic neural plate that will develop into the brain & spinal cord
31
prosencephalon
one of the three early divisions of the neural tube that will develop into the forebrain
32
mesencephalon
one of the three early divisions of the neural tube that will develop into the midbrain
33
irhombencephalon
one of the three early divisions of the neural tube that will develop into the hindbrain
34
diencephalon
a division of the prosencephalon that will contain the thalamus, hypothalamus, and retina of they eye
35
telencephalon
a division of the prosencephalon that develops into the bulk of the cerebral hemispheres
36
myelencephalon
a division of the rhombencephalon that develops into the medulla
37
metencephalon
a division of the rhombencephalon that develops into the pons & cerebellum
38
neurogenesis
the birth of new neurons & glia
39
migration
the movement of cells to their mature location
40
radial glia
special glia that radiate from | the ventricular layer to the outer edge of the cerebral cortex, serving as a pathway for migrating neurons
41
aggregation
a process in which cells join others to form structures in the nervous system
42
differentiation
the development of stem cells into more specific types of cells
43
differentiation-inducing factor (DIFs)
chemicals that stimulate changes in cell chemistry that produce cellular differentiation
44
neurite
an immature projection from a neuron
45
growth cone
the swelling at the tip pf a growing axon or dendrite that helps the branch reach its synaptic target
46
filopodia
long, fingerlike extensions from a growth cone
47
lamellipodia
flat, sheetlike extensions from the core of a growth cone
48
synaptic specificity
the process by which a neurite identifies appropriate postsynaptic target cells from the many cells in the vicinity
49
apoptosis
programmed cell death
50
neurotrophin
substance released by target cells that contributes to the survival of presynaptic neurons
51
synaptic pruning
the process in which functional synapses are maintained & nonfunctional synapses degenerate
52
critical period
a period of time during development in which experience is influential & after which experience has little to no effect
53
anencephaly
defect in the rostral closure of the neural tube resulting in incomplete development of bran & skull
54
spina bifida
defect in caudal neural tube closure that results in mobility problems
55
Down syndrome
a condition associated with moderate intellectual disability resulting from having 3 full or partial copies of chromosome 21; also known as trisomy 21
56
fragile X syndrome
a heritable sex-linked genetic disorder that produces physical & social deficits
57
phenylketonuria
a heritable condition characterized by the inability to metabolize phenylalanine
58
fetal alcohol syndrome
a set of physical & cognitive characteristics that result from maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy
59
multiple reserve hypothesis
the resources a person possesses that offset age-related reductions in functioning

3313 (16 decks)

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