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3313 > Ch 5 Definitions: Genetics & the Development of the Human Brain > Flashcards

Ch 5 Definitions: Genetics & the Development of the Human Brain Flashcards

1
Q

genotype

A

the genetic composition of an individual organism

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2
Q

phenotype

A

the observable appearance of an individual organism

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3
Q

gene

A

a functional hereditary unit made up of DNA that occupies a fixed location on a chromosome

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4
Q

gene expression

A

the translation of the genotype into the phenotype of an organism

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5
Q

allele

A

alternative version of a particular gene

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6
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a given gene

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7
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a given gene

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8
Q

recessive allele

A

a gene that will produce its characteristic phenotype only when it occurs in a homozygous pair

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9
Q

dominant allele

A

a gene that produces its phenotype regardless of whether it occurs in a heterozygous or homozygous pair

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10
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in half in the reproductive cells

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11
Q

linkage

A

the characteristic of genes located adjacent to one another to be passed along as a group

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12
Q

crossing over

A

a process occurring during meiosis in which chromosomes exchange equivalent segments of DNA

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13
Q

mutation

A

a heritable alteration of genes

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14
Q

sex-linked characteristic

A

phenotypical characteristics that result from expression of genes on the X chromosome that are not duplicated on the Y chromosome

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15
Q

X chromosome inactivation

A

the process by which one X chromosome in each female cell is silenced to equalize the amount of proteins produced by males & females

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16
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism

A

variation between alleles involving a single base

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17
Q

copy-number variation (CNVs)

A

variations resulting from insertions, duplications, or deletions of sections of DNA

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18
Q

epigenetics

A

the reversible development of traits by factors that determine how genes perform

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19
Q

histone modification

A

changes in the structure of histones that make it more or less likely that a segment of DNA will be transcribed

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20
Q

DNA methylation

A

addition of a methyl group to a DNA molecule turns off the gene

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21
Q

gene silencing by non-coding RNA

A

regulation of gene expression by segments of RNA that are not translated into protein

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22
Q

RNA interference (RNAi)

A

inhibition of gene expression by non-coding RNA molecules that disable messenger RNA

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23
Q

zygote

A

the cell formed by two merged reproductive cells

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24
Q

embryo

A

in humans, the developing individual between the 2nd & 8th week following conception

25
Q

fetus

A

the developing organism between the embryonic stage & birth

26
Q

ectoderm

A

the germ layer that develops into the nervous system, skin, and hair

27
Q

mesoderm

A

the germ layer that develops into connective tissue, muscle, blood vessels, bone, and the urogenital systems

28
Q

endoderm

A

the germ layer that develops into internal organs including the stomach & intestines

29
Q

neural plate

A

a layer formed by differentiating neural cells within the ectoderm of the embryo

30
Q

neural tube

A

a structure formed by the embryonic neural plate that will develop into the brain & spinal cord

31
Q

prosencephalon

A

one of the three early divisions of the neural tube that will develop into the forebrain

32
Q

mesencephalon

A

one of the three early divisions of the neural tube that will develop into the midbrain

33
Q

irhombencephalon

A

one of the three early divisions of the neural tube that will develop into the hindbrain

34
Q

diencephalon

A

a division of the prosencephalon that will contain the thalamus, hypothalamus, and retina of they eye

35
Q

telencephalon

A

a division of the prosencephalon that develops into the bulk of the cerebral hemispheres

36
Q

myelencephalon

A

a division of the rhombencephalon that develops into the medulla

37
Q

metencephalon

A

a division of the rhombencephalon that develops into the pons & cerebellum

38
Q

neurogenesis

A

the birth of new neurons & glia

39
Q

migration

A

the movement of cells to their mature location

40
Q

radial glia

A

special glia that radiate from

the ventricular layer to the outer edge of the cerebral cortex, serving as a pathway for migrating neurons

41
Q

aggregation

A

a process in which cells join others to form structures in the nervous system

42
Q

differentiation

A

the development of stem cells into more specific types of cells

43
Q

differentiation-inducing factor (DIFs)

A

chemicals that stimulate changes in cell chemistry that produce cellular differentiation

44
Q

neurite

A

an immature projection from a neuron

45
Q

growth cone

A

the swelling at the tip pf a growing axon or dendrite that helps the branch reach its synaptic target

46
Q

filopodia

A

long, fingerlike extensions from a growth cone

47
Q

lamellipodia

A

flat, sheetlike extensions from the core of a growth cone

48
Q

synaptic specificity

A

the process by which a neurite identifies appropriate postsynaptic target cells from the many cells in the vicinity

49
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

50
Q

neurotrophin

A

substance released by target cells that contributes to the survival of presynaptic neurons

51
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the process in which functional synapses are maintained & nonfunctional synapses degenerate

52
Q

critical period

A

a period of time during development in which experience is influential & after which experience has little to no effect

53
Q

anencephaly

A

defect in the rostral closure of the neural tube resulting in incomplete development of bran & skull

54
Q

spina bifida

A

defect in caudal neural tube closure that results in mobility problems

55
Q

Down syndrome

A

a condition associated with moderate intellectual disability resulting from having 3 full or partial copies of chromosome 21; also known as trisomy 21

56
Q

fragile X syndrome

A

a heritable sex-linked genetic disorder that produces physical & social deficits

57
Q

phenylketonuria

A

a heritable condition characterized by the inability to metabolize phenylalanine

58
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

a set of physical & cognitive characteristics that result from maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy

59
Q

multiple reserve hypothesis

A

the resources a person possesses that offset age-related reductions in functioning

3313 (16 decks)

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