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3313 > Ch 15 Definitions: Neuropsychology > Flashcards

Ch 15 Definitions: Neuropsychology Flashcards

1
Q

neuropsychology

A

a specialty field within clinical psychology that understands and treats neurocognitive disorders

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2
Q

neuropsychologist

A

a licensed doctoral level clinical psychologist who undergoes additional training in the neurosciences

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3
Q

neurocognitive disorder

A

a disorder characterized by

a decline in function in cognition following a known challenge to the nervous system

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4
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

an age-related neurocognitive disorder resulting in gradual loss and of cognitive function

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5
Q

dementia

A

a loss of normal cognitive and emotional function

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6
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

abnormal structures resulting from the breakdown of microtubules in Alzheimer’s disease

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7
Q

beta amyloid

A

the misfolded protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease

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8
Q

amyloid plaque

A

abnormal patches on cells formed by amyloid that disrupt normal function

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9
Q

stroke

A

a type of brain damage caused by an interruption of the blood supply to the brain

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10
Q

cerebral hemorrhage

A

a condition caused by bleeding in the brain

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11
Q

aneurysm

A

a balloon-like bulge in the wall of the artery

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12
Q

ischemia

A

a condition in which inadequate blood flow results in insufficient quantities of oxygen being delivered to tissue

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13
Q

infarct

A

an area of dead tissue

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14
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

a brief episode (24 hours or less) of stroke symptoms that does not cause permanent damage

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15
Q

thrombosis

A

a blockage that doesn’t move from its point of origin in a blood vessel

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16
Q

embolism

A

a blood vessel blockage that originated elsewhere and traveled to its current location

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17
Q

penumbra

A

the area of tissue surrounding an infarct

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18
Q

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

physical damage to the brain

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19
Q

open head injury

A

a head injury in which the brain is penetrated,

as in a gunshot wound

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20
Q

concussion

A

a head injury that results from a blow to the head without penetration of the brain or from a blow to another part of the body that results in force transmitted to the brain

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21
Q

coup

A

an area of brain damage at the site of the blow to the head

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22
Q

countercoup

A

an area of brain damage that occurs on the opposite side of the head from the original site of the blow, or coup

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23
Q

subdural hematoma

A

a mass of clotted blood (like a bruise) that forms between the dura mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges following a head injury

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24
Q

neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury

A

a set of symptoms that follow concussion for a period of days to years, including headache, cognitive deficits, and emotional changes

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25
Q

dementia pugilistica

A

a severe form of TBI often experienced by boxers

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26
Q

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND)

A

neurocognitive symptoms that result from the HIV virus itself or from opportunistic infections

27
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)

A

a disease that can be transferred from one animal to another and that
produces a fatal, degenerative condition
characterized by dementia and motor disturbance

28
Q

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

A

a form of TSE that primarily affects cattle;

mad-cow disease

29
Q

prion

A

a protein particle that lacks nucleic acid

and is believed to be responsible for TSEs

30
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

A

a human TSE that results in a progressively degenerative condition characterized by disordered movement and cognition

31
Q

kuru

A

a human TSE identified among the Fore of New Guinea, related to their practice of cannibalism

32
Q

new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)

A

a human TSE resembling classic CJD that results from consumption of beef products contaminated by BSE

33
Q

tumor

A

an independent growth of tissue that lacks purpose

34
Q

malignant tumor

A

a type of abnormal cell growth that, lacking boundaries, invades the surrounding tissue and is very likely to recur following surgical removal

35
Q

metastasis

A

the migration of cancerous cells from one part of the body to another

36
Q

benign tumor

A

an abnormal cell growth that develops within its own membrane and is unlikely to recur following surgery to remove it

37
Q

glioma

A

a tumor that develops from glial cells

38
Q

meningioma

A

a tumor arising from tissue of the meninges

39
Q

neurocysticercosis

A

a condition characterized by brain cysts resulting from a parasitic infection by the pork tapeworm (T. solium)

40
Q

encephalitis

A

a condition characterized by inflammation of the brain

41
Q

seizure

A

an uncontrollable electrical disturbance in the brain

42
Q

epilepsy

A

a disorder characterized by repeated, unprovoked seizure activity in the brain

43
Q

partial seizure

A

a seizure that has a clear area of origin, or focus

44
Q

generalized seizure

A

a seizure that affects the brain symmetrically without a clear point of origin

45
Q

aura

A

a subjective sensory or motor sensation that signals the onset of a seizure or migraine

46
Q

simple partial seizure

A

a seizure with symptoms that relate to the functions of the focal area

47
Q

Jacksonian seizure

A

a type of simple partial seizure originating in the motor cortex

48
Q

Jacksonian march

A

during some simple partial seizures, the progression of convulsions or twitches from body part to body part related to the organization of the primary motor cortex

49
Q

complex partial seizures

A

a type of partial seizure originating in the temporal lobes

50
Q

paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS)

A

a characteristic electrical pattern that occurs in neurons within a focus during a partial seizure

51
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

a generalized seizure that results in violent convulsions

AKA “grand mal seizure”

52
Q

absence seizure

A

a mild type of generalized seizure in which the patient experiences a brief period of unconsciousness

AKA “petit mal seizure”

53
Q

tonic phase

A

the initial stage of a tonic-clonic seizure, in which the patient experiences a loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and muscular contraction

54
Q

clonic phase

A

the second phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, characterized by
violent, repetitious muscle contractions

55
Q

coma

A

a deep, prolonged period of unconsciousness from which the person cannot be awakened

56
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

an autoimmune disorder that targets the CNS,

resulting in demyelination and damage to axons

57
Q

migraine

A

a genetically related condition, usually featuring a severe form of headache, nausea, and sensory distortions

58
Q

trigeminal vascular system

A

the network formed by the trigeminal nerves, meninges, and blood vessels believed to participate in migraine headaches

59
Q

calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)

A

a peptide neurochemical released by the trigeminal nerve that might participate in the production of migraine headaches

60
Q

triptan

A

one of a new class of highly specific serotonin agonists used to treat migraine headache

61
Q

reactive neuroplasticity

A

spontaneous, short-term recovery from neural damage

resulting from the development of new neurons, axons, dendrites, or synapses

62
Q

experience-dependent neuroplasticity

A

longer-term recovery from neural damage

due to learning

63
Q

Kennard Principle

A

the hypothesis suggesting that brain reorganization is a function of developmental age

64
Q

cognitive reserve

A

a proposed basis for individual differences in resilience
in the face of brain injury
either due to brain size, synapse number, or flexible use of cognitive networks

3313 (16 decks)

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