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3313 > Ch 15 Definitions: Neuropsychology > Flashcards

Ch 15 Definitions: Neuropsychology Flashcards

1
Q

neuropsychology

A

a specialty field within clinical psychology that understands and treats neurocognitive disorders

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2
Q

neuropsychologist

A

a licensed doctoral level clinical psychologist who undergoes additional training in the neurosciences

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3
Q

neurocognitive disorder

A

a disorder characterized by

a decline in function in cognition following a known challenge to the nervous system

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4
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

an age-related neurocognitive disorder resulting in gradual loss and of cognitive function

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5
Q

dementia

A

a loss of normal cognitive and emotional function

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6
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

abnormal structures resulting from the breakdown of microtubules in Alzheimer’s disease

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7
Q

beta amyloid

A

the misfolded protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease

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8
Q

amyloid plaque

A

abnormal patches on cells formed by amyloid that disrupt normal function

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9
Q

stroke

A

a type of brain damage caused by an interruption of the blood supply to the brain

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10
Q

cerebral hemorrhage

A

a condition caused by bleeding in the brain

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11
Q

aneurysm

A

a balloon-like bulge in the wall of the artery

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12
Q

ischemia

A

a condition in which inadequate blood flow results in insufficient quantities of oxygen being delivered to tissue

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13
Q

infarct

A

an area of dead tissue

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14
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

a brief episode (24 hours or less) of stroke symptoms that does not cause permanent damage

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15
Q

thrombosis

A

a blockage that doesn’t move from its point of origin in a blood vessel

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16
Q

embolism

A

a blood vessel blockage that originated elsewhere and traveled to its current location

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17
Q

penumbra

A

the area of tissue surrounding an infarct

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18
Q

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

physical damage to the brain

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19
Q

open head injury

A

a head injury in which the brain is penetrated,

as in a gunshot wound

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20
Q

concussion

A

a head injury that results from a blow to the head without penetration of the brain or from a blow to another part of the body that results in force transmitted to the brain

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21
Q

coup

A

an area of brain damage at the site of the blow to the head

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22
Q

countercoup

A

an area of brain damage that occurs on the opposite side of the head from the original site of the blow, or coup

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23
Q

subdural hematoma

A

a mass of clotted blood (like a bruise) that forms between the dura mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges following a head injury

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24
Q

neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury

A

a set of symptoms that follow concussion for a period of days to years, including headache, cognitive deficits, and emotional changes

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25
dementia pugilistica
a severe form of TBI often experienced by boxers
26
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND)
neurocognitive symptoms that result from the HIV virus itself or from opportunistic infections
27
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)
a disease that can be transferred from one animal to another and that produces a fatal, degenerative condition characterized by dementia and motor disturbance
28
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
a form of TSE that primarily affects cattle; | mad-cow disease
29
prion
a protein particle that lacks nucleic acid | and is believed to be responsible for TSEs
30
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
a human TSE that results in a progressively degenerative condition characterized by disordered movement and cognition
31
kuru
a human TSE identified among the Fore of New Guinea, related to their practice of cannibalism
32
new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)
a human TSE resembling classic CJD that results from consumption of beef products contaminated by BSE
33
tumor
an independent growth of tissue that lacks purpose
34
malignant tumor
a type of abnormal cell growth that, lacking boundaries, invades the surrounding tissue and is very likely to recur following surgical removal
35
metastasis
the migration of cancerous cells from one part of the body to another
36
benign tumor
an abnormal cell growth that develops within its own membrane and is unlikely to recur following surgery to remove it
37
glioma
a tumor that develops from glial cells
38
meningioma
a tumor arising from tissue of the meninges
39
neurocysticercosis
a condition characterized by brain cysts resulting from a parasitic infection by the pork tapeworm (T. solium)
40
encephalitis
a condition characterized by inflammation of the brain
41
seizure
an uncontrollable electrical disturbance in the brain
42
epilepsy
a disorder characterized by repeated, unprovoked seizure activity in the brain
43
partial seizure
a seizure that has a clear area of origin, or focus
44
generalized seizure
a seizure that affects the brain symmetrically without a clear point of origin
45
aura
a subjective sensory or motor sensation that signals the onset of a seizure or migraine
46
simple partial seizure
a seizure with symptoms that relate to the functions of the focal area
47
Jacksonian seizure
a type of simple partial seizure originating in the motor cortex
48
Jacksonian march
during some simple partial seizures, the progression of convulsions or twitches from body part to body part related to the organization of the primary motor cortex
49
complex partial seizures
a type of partial seizure originating in the temporal lobes
50
paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS)
a characteristic electrical pattern that occurs in neurons within a focus during a partial seizure
51
tonic-clonic seizure
a generalized seizure that results in violent convulsions AKA “grand mal seizure”
52
absence seizure
a mild type of generalized seizure in which the patient experiences a brief period of unconsciousness AKA “petit mal seizure”
53
tonic phase
the initial stage of a tonic-clonic seizure, in which the patient experiences a loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and muscular contraction
54
clonic phase
the second phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, characterized by violent, repetitious muscle contractions
55
coma
a deep, prolonged period of unconsciousness from which the person cannot be awakened
56
multiple sclerosis (MS)
an autoimmune disorder that targets the CNS, | resulting in demyelination and damage to axons
57
migraine
a genetically related condition, usually featuring a severe form of headache, nausea, and sensory distortions
58
trigeminal vascular system
the network formed by the trigeminal nerves, meninges, and blood vessels believed to participate in migraine headaches
59
calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)
a peptide neurochemical released by the trigeminal nerve that might participate in the production of migraine headaches
60
triptan
one of a new class of highly specific serotonin agonists used to treat migraine headache
61
reactive neuroplasticity
spontaneous, short-term recovery from neural damage | resulting from the development of new neurons, axons, dendrites, or synapses
62
experience-dependent neuroplasticity
longer-term recovery from neural damage | due to learning
63
Kennard Principle
the hypothesis suggesting that brain reorganization is a function of developmental age
64
cognitive reserve
a proposed basis for individual differences in resilience in the face of brain injury either due to brain size, synapse number, or flexible use of cognitive networks

3313 (16 decks)

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