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3313 > Ch 3 Definitions: Neurophysiology: The Structure & Function of the Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch 3 Definitions: Neurophysiology: The Structure & Function of the Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

gliay

A

cells in the nervous system
that support
the activities of neurons

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2
Q

neuron

A

a cell of the nervous system
that is specialized for
information processing and communication

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3
Q

macroglia

A

large glial cells,
including
astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells

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4
Q

microglia

A

tiny, mobile glial cells
that migrate to areas of damage
and digest debris

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5
Q

astrocyte

A

a large, star-shaped glial cell of the CNS
responsible for structural support, isolation of synapse, control of the extracellular chemical environment at the synapse, and possibly communication

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6
Q

ependymal cells

A

glial cells
lining the ventricles and central canal
of the spinal cord

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7
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

a glial cell
that forms the myelin
on CNS axons

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8
Q

Schwann cell

A

a glial cell
that forms the myelin
on axons in the PNS

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9
Q

synapse

A

the junction
between two neurons
at which information is transferred from one to another

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10
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

an impediment to the transfer of molecules
from the circulation into the brain
formed by the astrocytes

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11
Q

exosome

A

tiny vesicle that removes debris

and transports material

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12
Q

organelle

A

a small structure within the cell

that carries out a specific function

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13
Q

cell body/soma

A

the main mass of a neuron,

containing the nucleus and many organelles

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14
Q

axon

A

the branch of a neuron
usually responsible for
carrying signals to other neurons

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15
Q

dendrite

A

the branch of a neuron
that generally receives information
from other neurons

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16
Q

intracellular fluid

A

the fluid inside the cell;

AKA cytoplasm

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17
Q

extracellular fluid

A

the fluid surrounding the cell;

AKA interstitial fluid

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18
Q

permeability

A

a property of a substance
that determines the extent to which
other substances may pass through it

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19
Q

ion channel

A

a protein structure
embedded in a cell membrane
that allows ions to pass
without the use of additional energy

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20
Q

ion pump

A

a protein structure
embedded in a cell membrane
that uses energy
to move ions across the membrane

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21
Q

ions

A

an electrically charged particle

in solution

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22
Q

voltage-dependent channel

A

an ion channel that opens or closes
in response to
the local electrical environment

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23
Q

ligand-gated channel

A

an ion channel
in the neural membrane
that responds to chemical messengers

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24
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

an ion pump
that uses energy
to transfer 3 Na+ TO the extracellular fluid
for every 2 K+ ions retrieved FROM the extracellular fluid

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25
Q

calcium pump

A

a protein structure
embedded in the neural membrane
that uses energy
to move Ca+ out of the cell

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26
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of filaments

that provides the internal structure of a neuron

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27
Q

microtubule

A

the largest type of fiber in the cell cytoskeleton
responsible for transport
of neurochemicals and other products
to and from the cell body

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28
Q

anterograde transport

A

movement of materials
from the cell body of a neuron
to the axon terminal
along the microtubules

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29
Q

retrograde transport

A

movement of material
from the axon terminal
back to the cell body
via the cell’s system of microtubules

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30
Q

neurofilament

A

a neural fiber found in the cell cytoskeleton

responsible for structural support

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31
Q

microfilament

A

the smallest fiber found in the cell cytoskeleton
that may participate in the changing of the length and shape
of axons and dendrites

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32
Q

nucleus

A

substructure within cell

contains cell’s DNA

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33
Q

nucleolus

A

substructure within nucleus

where ribosomes are produced

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34
Q

ribosome

A

organelle in cell body

involved with protein synthesis

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35
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

organelle in cell body

participates in protein synthesis

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36
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

organelle in cell body

packages proteins in vesicles

37
Q

mitochondria

A

organelles that provide energy to the cell
by transforming pyruvic acid and oxygen
into molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

38
Q

neurochemical

A

a small organic molecule

that participates in neural activity

39
Q

synaptic gap

A

the tiny fluid-filled space

between neurons at a synapse

40
Q

dendritic spine

A

a knob on the dendrite
that provides additional membrane area
for the formation of
synapses with other neurons

41
Q

axon hillock

A

the cone-shaped segment of axon
located at the junction of the axon and cell body
that is specialized for
the generation of axon potentials

42
Q

action potential

A

the nerve impulse arising in an axon

43
Q

initial segment

A

the portion of axon
between the axon hillock
and the first segment of myelin

44
Q

myelin

A

the fatty insulating material covering some axons

that boosts the speed and efficiency of electrical signaling

45
Q

local circuit neuron

A

a neuron that communicates

with neurons in its immediate vicinity

46
Q

projection neuron

A

a neuron with a very long axon
that communicates with neurons
in distant areas of the nervous system

47
Q

collateral

A

one of the branches near the end of the axon

closest to its targets

48
Q

axon terminal

A

the swelling at the tip of an axon collateral

specialized for the release of neurochemicals

49
Q

axonal varicosity

A

a swelling in an unmyelinated segment of axon
containing mitochondria
and, in some cases, synaptic vesicles

50
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

a small structure in the axon terminal

that contains neurochemicals

51
Q

node of Ranvier

A

the uncovered section of axon membrane

between 2 adjacent segments of myelin

52
Q

unipolar neuron

A

a neuron with 1 branch that extends a short distance from the cell body & then splits into 2 branches

53
Q

bipolar neuron

A

a neuron with 2 branches extending from the cell body, 1 axon & 1 dendrite

54
Q

multipolar neuron

A

a neuron that has multiple branches extending from the cell body, usually 1 axon & numerous dendrites

55
Q

sensory neuron

A

a specialized neuron that translates incoming sensory information into electrical signals

56
Q

motor neuron

A

a specialized neuron that communicates with muscles & glands

57
Q

interneuron

A

a neuron that serves as a bridge between sensory & motor neurons

58
Q

resting potential

A

the measurement of the electrical charge across the neural membrane with the cell is not processing information

59
Q

depolarization

A

a change in a membrane potential in a more positive direction

60
Q

threshold

A

the level of depolarization at which an action potential is initiated

61
Q

hyperpolarization

A

a change in membrane potential in a more negative direction

62
Q

absolute refractory period

A

the period in which an action potential will not occur in a particular location of an axon regardless of input

63
Q

relative refractory period

A

the period following an action potential in which larger than normal input will produce a second action potential but in which normal input will be insufficient

64
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the movement of an action potential from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier, down the length of the myelinated axon

65
Q

gap junction

A

a type of synapse in which a neuron directly affects an adjacent neuron through the movement of ions one cell to the other

66
Q

chemical synapse

A

a type of synapse in which messages are transmitted from one neuron to another by neurochemicals

67
Q

excitation

A

a neural message that increases the likelihood that a receiving cell will produce an action potential

68
Q

inhibition

A

a neural message that decreases the likelihood that a receiving cell will produce an action potential

69
Q

wiring transmission

A

process in which chemicals diffuse from one cell to impact an adjacent cell or cells through private, highly localized channels

70
Q

volume transmission

A

process in which neurochemicals diffuse through the extracellular fluid & CSF to influence cells located some distance away from the releasing cell

71
Q

exocytosis

A

the process in which vesicles fuse with the membrane of the axon terminal & release neurochemicals into the synaptic gap

72
Q

autoreceptor

A

receptor site located on the presynaptic neuron that provides information about the cell’s own activity levels

73
Q

receptors

A

a special protein structure embedded in a neural membrane that responds to chemical messengers

74
Q

recognition molecules

A

a molecule within a receptor that binds to specific neurochemicals

75
Q

ionotropic receptor

A

a receptor protein in the postsynaptic membrane in which the recognition site is located on the same structure as the ion channel

76
Q

metabotropic receptor

A

a protein structure embedded in the postsynaptic membrane containing a recognition site & a G protein
- neurochemicals binding to these receptors do not directly open ion channels

77
Q

G protein

A

a protein found on the intracellular side of a metabotropic receptor that separates in response to the binding of a neurochemical & travels to adjacent areas of the cell to affect ion channels or second messengers

78
Q

second messenger

A

a chemical within the postsynaptic neuron that is indirectly activated by synaptic activity & interacts with intracellular enzymes or receptors

79
Q

reuptake

A

a process for ending the action of neurochemicals in the synaptic gap in which the presynaptic membrane recaptures the molecules of neurochemical

80
Q

transporter

A

a receptor in the presynaptic membrane that recaptures released molecules of neurochemical in the process of reuptake

81
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

a small depolarization produced in the postsynaptic cell as a result of input from the presynaptic cell

82
Q

graded potentials

A

an electrical signal that can vary in size & shape

83
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

a small hyperpolarization produced in the postsynaptic cell as a result of input from the presynaptic cell

84
Q

neural integration

A

the determination of whether to fire an action potential, based on the summation of inputs to a neuron

85
Q

spatial summation

A

neural integration in which the combined inputs from many synapses converge on the axon hillock, where an action potential will result if threshold is reached

86
Q

temporal summation

A

neural integration in which excitation from one active synapse is sufficient to initiate the formation of an action potential

87
Q

axo-axonic synapse

A

a synapse in which both the presynaptic & postsynaptic elements are axons

88
Q

presynaptic facilitation

A

at a synapse between 2 axons, the increase of neurochemical release by the postsynaptic axon as a result of input from the presynaptic axon

89
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

at a synapse between 2 axons, the decrease of neurochemical release by the postsynaptic axon as a result of input from the presynaptic axon

3313 (16 decks)

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