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3313 > Ch 7 Definitions: Nonvisual Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Ch 7 Definitions: Nonvisual Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

audition

A

the sense of hearing

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2
Q

amplitude

A

the height of a wave;

in audition, amplitude is perceived as loudness

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3
Q

frequency

A

the number of cycles of a periodic wave per unit of time;

in audition, frequency is perceived pitch

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4
Q

pure tone

A

sound characterized by a single frequency

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5
Q

timbre

A

distinct quality of a sound due to combinations of frequencies

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6
Q

noise

A

unsystematic combinations of sound waves

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7
Q

decibel (db)

A

a unit used to express a different intensity between two sounds, equal to 20 times the common logarithm of the ration of the two levels

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8
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

a unit of sound frequency equal to one cycle per second

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9
Q

infrasound

A

sound at frequencies below the range of human hearing, or lower than about 20 Hz

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10
Q

ultrasound

A

sound at frequencies above the range of human hearing, or higher than about 20,000 Hz

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11
Q

pinna

A

the visible part of the outer ear

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12
Q

auditory canal

A

a tube-shaped structure in the outer ear that leads to the tympanic membrane

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13
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the area separating the outer & inner ears;

also known as the eardrum

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14
Q

oval window

A

the membrane separating the middle & inner ears

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15
Q

ossicles

A

the bones that span the middle ear, including:

malleus, incus, and stapes

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16
Q

cochlea

A

the fluid filled structure of the inner ear containing auditory receptors

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17
Q

vestibular canal

A

the upper chamber of the cochlea

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18
Q

tympanic canal

A

the lower chamber of the cochlea

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19
Q

apex

A

the part of the cochlea most distant from the oval window

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20
Q

perilymph

A

fluid found in the vestibular & tympanic canals of the inner ear

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21
Q

cochlear duct

A

the middle of 3 chambers of the cochlea

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22
Q

endolymph

A

the fluid found in the cochlear duct

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23
Q

Reissner’s membrane

A

a membrane that separates the vestibular canal & cochlear duct

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24
Q

basilar membrane

A

a structure in the cochlea that separates the tympanic canal & the cochlear duct

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25
round window
a membrane covering the end of the tympanic canal
26
organ of Corti
a structure within the cochlear duct responsible for transducing vibrations in the inner ear into action potentials
27
tectorial (roof) membrane
a membrane that covers the organ of Corti
28
inner hair cells
auditory receptor cells located near the junction of the tectorial membrane & cochlear duct
29
outer hair cells
auditory receptor cells located on the organ of Corti that amplify sound
30
cilia
microscopic hair-like projections from a cell
31
auditory nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
the nerve that makes contact with the hair cells of the cochlea
32
spiral ganglion neuron
bipolar neuron found in the inner ear whose axons form the auditory nerve
33
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
nucleus of the thalamus that receives auditory input
34
primary auditory cortex (A1)
cortex located just below the lateral fissure in the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of auditory information
35
secondary auditory cortex
areas surrounding A1 in the temporal lobe that process complex sound stimuli
36
tonotopic organization
neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies
37
place theory
the peak response of the basilar membrane is correlated with a sound's frequency
38
temporal theory
for frequencies below 4000 Hz, the pattern of neural firing matches the frequency of sound
39
conduction loss
hearing loss due to problems in the outer or middle ears; | treated with the use of hearing aids
40
otosclerosis
hearing loss due to immobilization of the ossicles of the middle ear
41
cochlear prosthetics
electrode arrays inserted in the cochlea to treat hearing loss due to damaged inner ear hair cells
42
somatosensory system
the system that provides information about the body senses, including: touch, movement, pain, and skin temperature
43
vestibular system
the sensory system that provides information about the position & movement of the head
44
otolith organ
a structure in the inner ear vestibular system that provides information about the angle of the head relative to the ground & about linear acceleration
45
semicircular canal
one of 3 looping chambers found in the inner ear that provide information regarding the rotation of the head
46
saccule
one of the structures making up the otolith organs
47
utricle
one of the structures making up the otolith organs
48
linear acceleration
the force we perceive when our rate of movement increases
49
otolith
a stone made from the calcium carbonate that is attached to hair cells in the otolith organs
50
ventral posterior (VP) nucleus
the nucleus of the thalamus that receives information regarding: pain, touch, and the position & movement of the head
51
primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
cortex located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe that is responsible for the initial cortical processing of the somatosensory input
52
glabrous
hairless skin
53
epidermis
outer layer of the skin
54
dermis
the layer of skin below the epidermis
55
subcutaneous tissue
the layer of tissue below the dermis that contains fat & connective tissue
56
mechanoreceptor
a touch receptor that responds to physical displacement such as bending or stretching
57
encapsulated receptors
a receptor in which the axon terminal is surrounded by a fluid-filled capsule formed of connective tissue
58
Meissner's corppuscles
an encapsulated mechanoreceptor located near the surface of the skin that senses pressure
59
Pacinian corpuscles
an encapsulated mechanoreceptor located deeper in the skin, in joints, and in the digestive tract that senses pressure and vibration
60
Merkel's disks
a nonencapsulated mechanoreceptor located near the surface of the skin that senses pressure
61
Ruffini's endings
a nonencapsulated mechanoreceptor located deep in the skin that senses stretch
62
dermatome
the area of skin surface served by the dorsal root of a spinal nerve
63
dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
the pathway taken by touch information from the mechanoreceptors to the brain
64
phantom pain
pain that is perceived as arising form a missing body part
65
referred sensations
the perception of touch of a body part as arising from a missing body part
66
neglect syndrome
a condition resulting from secondary somatosensory cortex that produces difficulty perceiving a body part or part of the visual field
67
pain
the sense that provides information about tissue damage
68
nociceptor
a free nerve ending that responds to painful stimuli
69
substantia gelatinosa
a group of cells in the outer gray matter of the dorsal horn that receives input from pain fibers
70
Substance P
a neurochemical associated with the sense of pain
71
gate theory of pain
an explanation of the effects of context on the perception of pain
72
spinothalamic pathway
a pathway carrying pain information from the substantia gelatinous to the thalamus
73
trigeminal lemniscus
a pathway fro pain information from the head and neck that connects the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the thalamus
74
intralaminar nuclei
nuclei within the thalamus that receive pain information
75
olfaction
the sense of smell
76
olfactory epithelium
the nasal cavity area containing olfactory receptors
77
glomeroli
structures within the olfactory bulb where olfactory receptor axons form synapses with olfactory neurons
78
olfactory tract
a fiber pathway connecting the olfactory bulbs to the olfactory cortex
79
olfactory cortex
cortex in the frontal and temporal lobes that responds to the sense of smell
80
medial dorsal nucleus
the area of the thalamus that processes olfactory information
81
gustation
the sense of taste
82
umami
a proposed taste category associated with he presence of proteins
83
papilla
bumps on the tongue that contain taste receptors
84
taste buds
structures that contain taste receptors
85
gustatory nucleus
a location within the solitary nucleus that receives gustatory input from cranial nerves VII, IX, and X
86
ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus
the nucleus of the thalamus that receives information regarding taste
87
gustatory cortex
area at the junction of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and insula that processes gustatory information
88
synaesthesia
experience in one sensory pathway elicits an automatic activation of another sensory pathway

3313 (16 decks)

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