Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3313 > Ch 8 Definitions: Movement > Flashcards

Ch 8 Definitions: Movement Flashcards

1
Q

smooth muscle

A

a type of muscle found in the lining of the digestive tract, within arteries, and in the reproductive system;
controlled by autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

striated muscle

A

a type of muscle named for its striped appearance including cardiac and skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cardiac muscle

A

a type of striated muscle found in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

skeletal muscle

A

a type of striated muscle that is attached to bones and is responsible for the majority of body movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

muscle fiber

A

an individual muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

twitch

A

the contraction of a single muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

myofibril

A

a long fiber strand running the length of a muscle fiber that is responsible for contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sarcomere

A

a myofibril segment bound on either side by a Z line and spanned by thin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Z line

A

a boundary line for each sarcomere within a myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

actin

A

a protein that makes up the thin filaments of the myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

myosin

A

a protein that makes up the thick filaments of the myofibril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

M line

A

the middle of the sarcomere where myosin fibers are anchored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tropomyosin

A

a protein that covers actin binding sites in a resting muscle fiber, preventing actin from interacting with myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

troponin

A

a protein that when bound by calcium displaces tropomyosin, allowing actin to interact with myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

slow-twitch fiber

A

a muscle fiber containing type I myosin filaments and large numbers of mitochondria that contracts slowly using aerobic metabolism;
primarily responsible for movement requiring endurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fast-twitch fiber

A

a muscle fiber containing type IIa or IIb myosin filaments that contains few mitochondria, uses anaerobic metabolism, and contracts rapidly;
primarily responsible for movement requiring explosive strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

a chemical process that requires oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

a chemical process that does not require oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

alpha motor neuron

A

a spinal motor neuron directly responsible for signaling a muscle fiber to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

a synapse formed between an alpha motor neuron axon terminal and a muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

motor unit

A

the combination of a single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

motor neuron pool

A

the collection of motor neurons that innervates a single muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

rate code

A

variations in the firing rate of motor neurons to meet the need for a certain amount of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tetanus

A

the point at which a muscle cannot contract further

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
recruitment
the process of gradually activating more motor units as an increasing load is placed on a muscle
26
muscle spindle
a sensory structure that provides feedback regarding muscle stretch
27
intrafusal muscle fiber
one of the fibers that makes up a muscle spindle
28
exrafusal muscle fiber
one of the fibers outside the muscle spindle that is responsible for contracting the muscle
29
nuclear chain fibers
a type of muscle spindle fiber that provides information about muscle length
30
static nuclear bag fibers
a type of muscle spindle that provides information about muscle length
31
dynamic nuclear bag fibers
a type of muscle spindle fiber that provides information about the velocity of change in the length of a muscle
32
Ia (1a) sensory fiber
a large and fast sensory axon that connects a muscle spindle to neurons in the spinal cord
33
group II sensory fiber
sensory fiber that provides information about muscle length
34
myotatic reflex
the contraction of a muscle in response to sensory information about its having been stretched
35
monosynaptic reflex
a spinal reflex, such as a patellar reflex, that requires the action of only one synapse between sensory and motor neurons
36
gamma (¥) motor neuron
a small spinal neuron that innervates the muscle spindles
37
Golgi tendon organ
a structure located in the tendons of muscles that provides information about muscle contraction
38
Ib (1b) sensory fibers
a small, slower Alpha-alpha (Aa) sensory axon that connects Golgi tendon organs to neurons in the spinal cord
39
polysynaptic reflex
a spinal reflex that requires interaction at more than one synapse
40
antagonistic pair
two opposing muscles, one a flexor and one an extensor, arranged at a joint
41
extensor
a muscle that acts to straighten a joint
42
flexor
a muscle that acts to bend a joint
43
reciprocal inhibition
a polysynaptic reflex that prevents the simultaneous contraction of flexors and extensors serving the same joint
44
flexor reflex
a polysynaptic spinal reflex that produces withdrawal of a limb from a partial stimulus
45
Babinski sign
a polysynaptic reflex present in infants and adults with neural damage, in which stroking the sole of the foot causes the toes to spread with the big toe pointing upward
46
corticobulbar tract
a pathway connecting primary motor cortex with brainstem cranial nerve nuclei to manage movement of head and neck
47
lateral pathway
a large collection of axons that originates in the cerebral cortex, synapses on either the red nucleus or alpha motor neurons, and controls voluntary movements
48
ventromedial pathway
a spinal motor pathway originating in the brainstem and carrying commands for subconscious, automatic movements of the neck and torso
49
corticospinal tract
a pathway connecting the motor cortex to alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord
50
rubrospinal tract
a pathway connecting the red nucleus of the midbrain to the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord
51
tectospinal tract
a ventromedial pathway connecting the tectum of the midbrain to the alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord
52
vestibulospinal tract
a ventromedial pathway that connects the vestibular nuclei of the medulla to the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord
53
pontine reticulospinal tract
a ventromedial pathway connecting the reticular formation in the pons to the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord
54
medullary reticulospinal tract
a ventromedial pathway connecting the reticular formation in the medulla to alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord
55
supplementary motor area (SMA)
motor area located in the gyrus rostral to the precentral gyrus; involved with managing complex sequences of movement
56
premotor cortex
a motor area located in the gyrus rostral to the precentral gyrus; this area participates in holding a motor plan until it can be implemented; formerly referred to as the premotor area (PMA)
57
pyramidal cell
a large, pyramid-shaped neuron found in the output layers (Layers III and V) of the cerebral cortex, including primary motor cortex
58
mirror neuron
a special motor neuron that responds to a particular action, whether that action is performed or simply observed
59
myasthenia gravis
an autoimmune condition caused by the degeneration if ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue
60
muscular dystrophy
a group of diseases characterized by extreme muscle development followed by muscle wasting, due to abnormalities in the protein dystrophin
61
polio
a contagious viral disease that attacks the spinal motor neurons, producing paralysis
62
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
a disease in which motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex progressively deteriorate, leading to death
63
Parkinson’s disease
a degenerative disease characterized by difficulty in moving, muscular tremors, and frozen facial expressions
64
Huntington’s disease
a genetic disorder beginning in middle age that results in jerky, involuntary movements and progresses to psychosis and premature death

3313 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions