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3313 > Ch 8 Definitions: Movement > Flashcards

Ch 8 Definitions: Movement Flashcards

1
Q

smooth muscle

A

a type of muscle found in the lining of the digestive tract, within arteries, and in the reproductive system;
controlled by autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

striated muscle

A

a type of muscle named for its striped appearance including cardiac and skeletal muscles

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3
Q

cardiac muscle

A

a type of striated muscle found in the heart

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4
Q

skeletal muscle

A

a type of striated muscle that is attached to bones and is responsible for the majority of body movements

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5
Q

muscle fiber

A

an individual muscle cell

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6
Q

twitch

A

the contraction of a single muscle fiber

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7
Q

myofibril

A

a long fiber strand running the length of a muscle fiber that is responsible for contraction

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8
Q

sarcomere

A

a myofibril segment bound on either side by a Z line and spanned by thin filaments

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9
Q

Z line

A

a boundary line for each sarcomere within a myofibril

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10
Q

actin

A

a protein that makes up the thin filaments of the myofibril

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11
Q

myosin

A

a protein that makes up the thick filaments of the myofibril

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12
Q

M line

A

the middle of the sarcomere where myosin fibers are anchored

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13
Q

tropomyosin

A

a protein that covers actin binding sites in a resting muscle fiber, preventing actin from interacting with myosin

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14
Q

troponin

A

a protein that when bound by calcium displaces tropomyosin, allowing actin to interact with myosin

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15
Q

slow-twitch fiber

A

a muscle fiber containing type I myosin filaments and large numbers of mitochondria that contracts slowly using aerobic metabolism;
primarily responsible for movement requiring endurance

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16
Q

fast-twitch fiber

A

a muscle fiber containing type IIa or IIb myosin filaments that contains few mitochondria, uses anaerobic metabolism, and contracts rapidly;
primarily responsible for movement requiring explosive strength

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17
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

a chemical process that requires oxygen

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18
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

a chemical process that does not require oxygen

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19
Q

alpha motor neuron

A

a spinal motor neuron directly responsible for signaling a muscle fiber to contract

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20
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

a synapse formed between an alpha motor neuron axon terminal and a muscle fiber

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21
Q

motor unit

A

the combination of a single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

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22
Q

motor neuron pool

A

the collection of motor neurons that innervates a single muscle

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23
Q

rate code

A

variations in the firing rate of motor neurons to meet the need for a certain amount of contraction

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24
Q

tetanus

A

the point at which a muscle cannot contract further

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25
Q

recruitment

A

the process of gradually activating more motor units as an increasing load is placed on a muscle

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26
Q

muscle spindle

A

a sensory structure that provides feedback regarding muscle stretch

27
Q

intrafusal muscle fiber

A

one of the fibers that makes up a muscle spindle

28
Q

exrafusal muscle fiber

A

one of the fibers outside the muscle spindle that is responsible for contracting the muscle

29
Q

nuclear chain fibers

A

a type of muscle spindle fiber that provides information about muscle length

30
Q

static nuclear bag fibers

A

a type of muscle spindle that provides information about muscle length

31
Q

dynamic nuclear bag fibers

A

a type of muscle spindle fiber that provides information about the velocity of change in the length of a muscle

32
Q

Ia (1a) sensory fiber

A

a large and fast sensory axon that connects a muscle spindle to neurons in the spinal cord

33
Q

group II sensory fiber

A

sensory fiber that provides information about muscle length

34
Q

myotatic reflex

A

the contraction of a muscle in response to sensory information about its having been stretched

35
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

a spinal reflex, such as a patellar reflex, that requires the action of only one synapse between sensory and motor neurons

36
Q

gamma (¥) motor neuron

A

a small spinal neuron that innervates the muscle spindles

37
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

a structure located in the tendons of muscles that provides information about muscle contraction

38
Q

Ib (1b) sensory fibers

A

a small, slower Alpha-alpha (Aa) sensory axon that connects Golgi tendon organs to neurons in the spinal cord

39
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

a spinal reflex that requires interaction at more than one synapse

40
Q

antagonistic pair

A

two opposing muscles, one a flexor and one an extensor, arranged at a joint

41
Q

extensor

A

a muscle that acts to straighten a joint

42
Q

flexor

A

a muscle that acts to bend a joint

43
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

a polysynaptic reflex that prevents the simultaneous contraction of flexors and extensors serving the same joint

44
Q

flexor reflex

A

a polysynaptic spinal reflex that produces withdrawal of a limb from a partial stimulus

45
Q

Babinski sign

A

a polysynaptic reflex present in infants and adults with neural damage, in which stroking the sole of the foot causes the toes to spread with the big toe pointing upward

46
Q

corticobulbar tract

A

a pathway connecting primary motor cortex with brainstem cranial nerve nuclei to manage movement of head and neck

47
Q

lateral pathway

A

a large collection of axons that originates in the cerebral cortex,
synapses on either the red nucleus or alpha motor neurons,
and controls voluntary movements

48
Q

ventromedial pathway

A

a spinal motor pathway originating in the brainstem and carrying commands for subconscious, automatic movements of the neck and torso

49
Q

corticospinal tract

A

a pathway connecting the motor cortex to alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord

50
Q

rubrospinal tract

A

a pathway connecting the red nucleus of the midbrain to the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord

51
Q

tectospinal tract

A

a ventromedial pathway connecting the tectum of the midbrain to the alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord

52
Q

vestibulospinal tract

A

a ventromedial pathway that connects the vestibular nuclei of the medulla to the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord

53
Q

pontine reticulospinal tract

A

a ventromedial pathway connecting the reticular formation in the pons to the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord

54
Q

medullary reticulospinal tract

A

a ventromedial pathway connecting the reticular formation in the medulla to alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord

55
Q

supplementary motor area (SMA)

A

motor area located in the gyrus rostral to the precentral gyrus;
involved with managing complex sequences of movement

56
Q

premotor cortex

A

a motor area located in the gyrus rostral to the precentral gyrus;
this area participates in holding a motor plan until it can be implemented;
formerly referred to as the premotor area (PMA)

57
Q

pyramidal cell

A

a large, pyramid-shaped neuron found in the output layers (Layers III and V) of the cerebral cortex, including primary motor cortex

58
Q

mirror neuron

A

a special motor neuron that responds to a particular action, whether that action is performed or simply observed

59
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

an autoimmune condition caused by the degeneration if ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue

60
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

a group of diseases characterized by extreme muscle development followed by muscle wasting,
due to abnormalities in the protein dystrophin

61
Q

polio

A

a contagious viral disease that attacks the spinal motor neurons,
producing paralysis

62
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

a disease in which motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex progressively deteriorate, leading to death

63
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

a degenerative disease characterized by difficulty in moving, muscular tremors, and frozen facial expressions

64
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

a genetic disorder beginning in middle age that results in jerky, involuntary movements and progresses to psychosis and premature death

3313 (16 decks)

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