Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3313 > Ch 2 Definitions: Functional Neuroanatomy & the Evolution of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch 2 Definitions: Functional Neuroanatomy & the Evolution of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

anterior

A

front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

posterior

A

back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

superior

A

top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

inferior

A

bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

midline

A

imaginary line that

divides the body into 2 halves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ipsilateral

A

structures on the same side of the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

contralateral

A

structures on opposite sides of the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

medial

A

midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

proximal

A

closer to center;
usually applied to limbs;
opposite of distal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

distal

A

further away from another structure,

usually in reference to limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

coronal/frontal section

A

an anatomical section dividing the brain
front to back,
parallel to the face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sagittal section

A

an anatomical section that is

parallel to the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

midsagittal section

A

a sagittal section that
divides the brain
into to approximately equal halves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

horizontal/axial/transverse

A

an anatomical section that
divides the brain
from top to bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

meninges

A

the 3 layers of membranes

that cover the CNS and the peripheral nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer of meninges

found in both CNS and PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

arachnoid layer

A

middle layer of meninges

covering the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer of meninges

found in both CNS and PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

subarachnoid space

A

a space filled with CSF
that lies between arachnoid and pia mater layers
of the meninges in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

the special plasma-like fluid circulation
within the ventricles of the brain,
the central canal of the spinal cord,
and the subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ventricle

A

one of the 4 hollow spaces
within the brain
that contain CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

choroid plexus

A

the lining of the ventricles,

which secretes the CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

central canal

A

the small midline channel
in the spinal cord
that contains CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

carotid artery

A

one of the two major blood vessels
that travel up the sides of the neck
to supply the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

vertebral artery

A

one of the important blood vessels

that enters the brain from the back of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord
that serve sensory and motor functions
for the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

spinal cord

A

a long cylinder of nervous tissue
extending from the medulla
to the first lumbar vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

vertebral column

A

the bones of the spinal column
that protect and enclose
the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cervical nerve

A

1 of 8 spinal nerves
that serve the area of
the head, neck, and arms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

thoracic nerve

A

1 of 12 spinal nerves
that serve
the torso

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

lumbar nerve

A

1 of 5 spinal nerves
that serve the
lower back and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

sacral nerve

A

1 of 5 spinal nerves
that serve the
backs of the legs and genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

coccygeal nerve

A

the most caudal

of the spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

white matter

A

an area of neural tissue
primarily made up of
myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

gray matter

A

an area of neural tissue
primarily made up of
cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

dorsal horns

A

gray matter
in the spinal cord
that contains sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

ventral horns

A

gray matter
in the spinal cord
that contains motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

reflex

A

an involuntary

action or response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

patellar reflex

A 
the knee-jerk reflex
a spinal reflex in which 
tapping below the knee 
produces a reflexive contraction 
of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh, 
causing the foot to kick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

a spinal reflex
that pulls a body part
away from a source of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

hindbrain

A

the most caudal division of the brain,
including the
medulla, pons, and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

midbrain

A

the division of the brain
lying between the hindbrain and forebrain,
including the
superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, and substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

forebrain

A

the division of the brain

containing the diencephalon and telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

brainstem

A

the hindbrain and midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

pons

A

a structure located in the metencephalon
between the medulla and midbrain
that participates in the management of states of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

cerebellum

A

a structure located in the metencephalon
that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

myelencephalon/medulla

A

the most caudal part of the hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

nuclei

A

collections of cell bodies that share a function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

reticular formation

A

a collection of brainstem nuclei,
located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain,
that regulate consciousness, arousal, movement, and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

metencephalon

A

the division of the hindbrain

containing the pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

cochlear nucleus

A

a group of cell bodies
in the pons
that receives information about sound
from the inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

vestibular nucleus

A 
a group of cell bodies 
in the pons 
that receives input 
about location and movement of head 
from sensory structures in the inner ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

raphe nuclei

A

nuclei located
in the pons
that participate in the regulation of
sleep, arousal, mood, appetite, and aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

locus coeruleus

A

a structure in the pons
that participates in
arousal, sleep, and mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

mesencephalon

A

another term for midbrain,
the division of the brain
lying between the hindbrain and forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

tectum

A

the “roof”
or dorsal portion
of the midbrain

59
Q

tegmentum

A

the “covering”
or ventral portion
of the midbrain

60
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

the small channel running along
the midline of the midbrain
that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

61
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

gray matter surrounding
the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain
that is believed to play roles in
sleep, complex movements, and the sensation of pain

62
Q

red nucleus

A

a structure located within
the reticular formation
that communicates motor information
between the spinal cord and the cerebellum

63
Q

substantia nigra

A

midbrain nuclei that communicate
with the basal ganglia
of the forebrain

64
Q

superior colliculi

A

a pair of bumps
on the dorsal surface of the midbrain
that coordinates
visually guided movements and visual reflexes

65
Q

inferior colliculi

A

a pair of bumps
on the dorsal surface of the midbrain
that processes auditory information

66
Q

diencephalon

A

a division of the forebrain
made up of
the hypothalamus and the thalamus

67
Q

telencephalon

A

the division of the brain

comprising the cerebral hemispheres

68
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

one of the two large, globular structures that make up

the telencephalon of the forebrain

69
Q

thalamus

A

a structure in the diencephalon
that processes sensory information,
contributes to states of arousal,
and participates in learning and memory

70
Q

hypothalamus

A

a structure found in the diencephalon
that participates in
the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression

71
Q

pituitary gland

A

a gland located just above the roof of the mouth
that is connected to the hypothalamus
and serves as
a major source of hormones

72
Q

basal ganglia

A

a collection of nuclei
within the cerebral hemispheres
that participate in
the control of voluntary movement

73
Q

caudate nucleus

A

one of the major nuclei
that make up
the basal ganglia

74
Q

putamen

A

one of the nuclei
contained in
the basal ganglia

75
Q

globus pallidus

A

one of the nuclei
making up
the basal ganglia

76
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

a small nucleus,
located ventral to the thalamus,
that is part of the basal ganglia

77
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

a small nucleus
associated with the basal ganglia
known to be important in reward and addiction

AKA the ventral striatum

78
Q

limbic system

A

a collection of
forebrain structures
that participate in
emotional behavior, motivated behavior, and learning

79
Q

hippocampus

A

a structure deep within
the cerebral hemispheres
that is involved with the formation of long-term declarative memories;
part of the limbic system

80
Q

parahippocampal gyrus

A

a fold of tissue
near the hippocampus
that is often included in the limbic system

81
Q

fornix

A

a fiber pathway
connecting the hippocampus and mammillary bodies
that is often included in the limbic system

82
Q

mammillary body

A

1 of 2 bumps
on the ventral surface of the brain
that participate in memory
and are included in the limbic system

83
Q

amygdala

A

an almond-shaped structure
in the rostral temporal lobes
that is part of the limbic system

84
Q

cingulate cortex

A

a segment of older cortex
just dorsal to the corpus callosum
that is part of the limbic system

85
Q

septal area

A

an area anterior to the thalamus and hypothalamus
that participates in reward
and is often included as part of the limbic system

86
Q

gyrus/gyri

A

one of the “hills” on the convoluted surface

of the cerebral cortex

87
Q

sulcus/sulci

A

a “valley” in the convoluted surface

of the cerebral cortex

88
Q

fissure

A

a large sulcus “valley”

89
Q

granule cell

A

a small type of cell
found in layers II and IV
of the cerebral cortex

90
Q

pyramidal cell

A

a large, triangular cell
found in layers III and V
of the cerebral cortex

91
Q

lobe

A

one of the 4 major areas
of the cerebral cortex:
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

92
Q

frontal lobe

A

the most rostral lobe
of the cerebral cortex,
separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus
and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus

93
Q

central sulcus

A

the fissure
separating the frontal and parietal lobes
of the cerebral cortex

94
Q

parietal lobe

A

one of the four lobes
of the cerebral cortex;
located between
the frontal and occipital lobes

95
Q

temporal lobe

A 
the lobe of the cerebral cortex 
lying ventral and lateral 
to the frontal and parietal lobes 
and rostral 
to the occipital lobe
96
Q

lateral sulcus

A

the fissure separating
the temporal and frontal lobes
of the cortex

97
Q

occipital lobe

A

the most caudal lobe
of the cortex;
location of primary visual cortex

98
Q

insula

A

the cortex located
within the lateral sulcus
between the frontal/parietal and temporal lobes
referred to as “5th lobe”

99
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

the major fissure dividing
the 2 cerebral hemispheres
on the dorsal side of the brain

100
Q

sensory cortex

A

an area of the cortex
that is devoted to
processing of sensory information

101
Q

motor cortex

A

an area of the cortex
that is devoted to
the processing of movement

102
Q

association cortex

A

an area of the cortex
that does not process sensory or motor information directly
but rather serves as a bridge
between areas that do process these functions

103
Q

primary visual cortex

A

an area of the sensory cortex
located within the occipital lobe
that provides the initial cortical processing
of visual information

104
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

an area of the sensory cortex
located within the temporal lobe
that provides the initial cortical processing
of sound information

105
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

the fold of parietal lobe tissue
just caudal to the central sulcus;
the location of
the primary somatosensory cortex

106
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

an area of the sensory cortex
located within the parietal lobe
that provides the highest level of processing
for body senses such as
touch, position, skin temperature, and pain

107
Q

primary motor cortex

A

an area of the cortex located
within the frontal lobe
that provides the highest level of command
to the motor systems

108
Q

precentral gyrus

A

the fold of frontal lobe tissue
just rostral to the central sulcus;
the location of
the primary motor cortex

109
Q

corpus callosum

A

a wide band of axons

connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres

110
Q

anterior commissure

A

a small bundle of axons
that connects structures
in the right and left cerebral hemispheres

111
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC)s

A

an area located at the top and sides of the frontal lobe
that participates in executive functions such as
attention and the planning of behavior

112
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A 
an area of the frontal lobe 
located just behind the eyes 
involved in impulse control;
damage to this area can produce 
antisocial behavior
113
Q

frontal lobotomy

A

a surgical procedure
in which a large portion of the frontal lobe
is separated from the rest of the brain

114
Q

Broca’s area

A

an area near
the primary motor cortex
in the frontal lobe
that participates in speech production

115
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the PNS division that
brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord
and returns commands to the muscles

116
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the division of the PNS
that directs the activity of
the glands, organs, and smooth muscles of the body

117
Q

endocrine system

A

glands that secrete hormones

directly into the blood supply

118
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves
that exit the brain
as part of the PNS

119
Q

olfactory nerve (I)

A

smell to brain

120
Q

optic nerve (II)

A

from eyes to brain

121
Q

oculomotor nerve (III)

A

controls muscles of the eye

122
Q

trochlear nerve (IV)

A

controls muscles of the eye

123
Q

trigeminal nerve (V)

A

controls chewing movements

and provides feedback regarding facial expression

124
Q

abducens nerve (VI)

A

controls muscles of the eye

125
Q

facial nerve (VII)

A

produces muscle movement
in facial expressions
and that carries taste information
back to the brain

126
Q

auditory nerve (VIII)

A

from inner ear to brain

127
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

A

manages both sensory and motor functions in throat

128
Q

vagus nerve (X)

A

serves heart, liver, digestive tract

129
Q

spinal accessory nerve (XI)

A

controls muscles of neck

130
Q

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

A

responsible for movement of the tongue

131
Q

mixed nerve

A

spinal nerves that carry both sensory and motor information

132
Q

afferent nerve

A

carries sensory information

TO the CNS

133
Q

efferent nerve

A

carries motor commands

AWAY from CNS

134
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

a collection of cell bodies
of afferent nerves
located just outside the spinal cord

135
Q

biofeedback

A

a set of techniques
that enable people to control
typically unconscious or involuntary functions
such as blood pressure

136
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the division of
the autonomic nervous system
that coordinates arousal

137
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of
the autonomic nervous system
responsible for rest and energy storage

138
Q

enteric nervous system

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system
consisting of neurons embedded
in the lining of the gastrointestinal system

139
Q

sympathetic chain

A

a string of cell bodies
outside of the spinal cord
that receive input from sympathetic neurons in the CNS
and that communicate with target organs

140
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which favorable traits would become more common
and unfavorable traits would become less common in subsequent generations
due to differences among organisms
in their ability to produce successfully

141
Q

fitness

A

the ability of an organism with one genetic makeup
to reproduce more successfully
than organisms with other types of genetic makeup

142
Q

hominin

A

a primate in the Hominidae,

of which Homo sapiens is the only surviving member

143
Q

chordates

A

the phylum of animals
that possess true brains and spinal cords
also know as vertebrates

144
Q

Homo sapiens

A

the species of modern humans

3313 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions