Ch 2 Definitions: Functional Neuroanatomy & the Evolution of the Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
anterior
A
front
2
Q
posterior
A
back
3
Q
superior
A
top
4
Q
inferior
A
bottom
5
Q
midline
A
imaginary line that
divides the body into 2 halves
6
Q
ipsilateral
A
structures on the same side of the midline
7
Q
contralateral
A
structures on opposite sides of the midline
8
Q
medial
A
midline
9
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline
10
Q
proximal
A
closer to center;
usually applied to limbs;
opposite of distal
11
Q
distal
A
further away from another structure,
usually in reference to limbs
12
Q
coronal/frontal section
A
an anatomical section dividing the brain
front to back,
parallel to the face
13
Q
sagittal section
A
an anatomical section that is
parallel to the midline
14
Q
midsagittal section
A
a sagittal section that
divides the brain
into to approximately equal halves
15
Q
horizontal/axial/transverse
A
an anatomical section that
divides the brain
from top to bottom
16
Q
meninges
A
the 3 layers of membranes
that cover the CNS and the peripheral nerves
17
Q
dura mater
A
outermost layer of meninges
found in both CNS and PNS
18
Q
arachnoid layer
A
middle layer of meninges
covering the CNS
19
Q
pia mater
A
innermost layer of meninges
found in both CNS and PNS
20
Q
subarachnoid space
A
a space filled with CSF
that lies between arachnoid and pia mater layers
of the meninges in the CNS
21
Q
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
the special plasma-like fluid circulation
within the ventricles of the brain,
the central canal of the spinal cord,
and the subarachnoid space
22
Q
ventricle
A
one of the 4 hollow spaces
within the brain
that contain CSF
23
Q
choroid plexus
A
the lining of the ventricles,
which secretes the CSF
24
Q
central canal
A
the small midline channel
in the spinal cord
that contains CSF
25
carotid artery
one of the two major blood vessels
that travel up the sides of the neck
to supply the brain
26
vertebral artery
one of the important blood vessels
| that enters the brain from the back of the skull
27
central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and spinal cord
28
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord
that serve sensory and motor functions
for the rest of the body
29
spinal cord
a long cylinder of nervous tissue
extending from the medulla
to the first lumbar vertebra
30
vertebral column
the bones of the spinal column
that protect and enclose
the spinal cord
31
cervical nerve
1 of 8 spinal nerves
that serve the area of
the head, neck, and arms
32
thoracic nerve
1 of 12 spinal nerves
that serve
the torso
33
lumbar nerve
1 of 5 spinal nerves
that serve the
lower back and legs
34
sacral nerve
1 of 5 spinal nerves
that serve the
backs of the legs and genitals
35
coccygeal nerve
the most caudal
| of the spinal nerves
36
white matter
an area of neural tissue
primarily made up of
myelinated axons
37
gray matter
an area of neural tissue
primarily made up of
cell bodies
38
dorsal horns
gray matter
in the spinal cord
that contains sensory neurons
39
ventral horns
gray matter
in the spinal cord
that contains motor neurons
40
reflex
an involuntary
| action or response
41
patellar reflex
```
the knee-jerk reflex
a spinal reflex in which
tapping below the knee
produces a reflexive contraction
of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh,
causing the foot to kick
```
42
withdrawal reflex
a spinal reflex
that pulls a body part
away from a source of pain
43
hindbrain
the most caudal division of the brain,
including the
medulla, pons, and cerebellum
44
midbrain
the division of the brain
lying between the hindbrain and forebrain,
including the
superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, and substantia nigra
45
forebrain
the division of the brain
| containing the diencephalon and telencephalon
46
brainstem
the hindbrain and midbrain
47
pons
a structure located in the metencephalon
between the medulla and midbrain
that participates in the management of states of consciousness
48
cerebellum
a structure located in the metencephalon
that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans
49
myelencephalon/medulla
the most caudal part of the hindbrain
50
nuclei
collections of cell bodies that share a function
51
reticular formation
a collection of brainstem nuclei,
located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain,
that regulate consciousness, arousal, movement, and pain
52
metencephalon
the division of the hindbrain
| containing the pons and cerebellum
53
cochlear nucleus
a group of cell bodies
in the pons
that receives information about sound
from the inner ear
54
vestibular nucleus
```
a group of cell bodies
in the pons
that receives input
about location and movement of head
from sensory structures in the inner ear
```
55
raphe nuclei
nuclei located
in the pons
that participate in the regulation of
sleep, arousal, mood, appetite, and aggression
56
locus coeruleus
a structure in the pons
that participates in
arousal, sleep, and mood
57
mesencephalon
another term for midbrain,
the division of the brain
lying between the hindbrain and forebrain
58
tectum
the "roof"
or dorsal portion
of the midbrain
59
tegmentum
the "covering"
or ventral portion
of the midbrain
60
cerebral aqueduct
the small channel running along
the midline of the midbrain
that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
61
periaqueductal gray
gray matter surrounding
the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain
that is believed to play roles in
sleep, complex movements, and the sensation of pain
62
red nucleus
a structure located within
the reticular formation
that communicates motor information
between the spinal cord and the cerebellum
63
substantia nigra
midbrain nuclei that communicate
with the basal ganglia
of the forebrain
64
superior colliculi
a pair of bumps
on the dorsal surface of the midbrain
that coordinates
visually guided movements and visual reflexes
65
inferior colliculi
a pair of bumps
on the dorsal surface of the midbrain
that processes auditory information
66
diencephalon
a division of the forebrain
made up of
the hypothalamus and the thalamus
67
telencephalon
the division of the brain
| comprising the cerebral hemispheres
68
cerebral hemispheres
one of the two large, globular structures that make up
| the telencephalon of the forebrain
69
thalamus
a structure in the diencephalon
that processes sensory information,
contributes to states of arousal,
and participates in learning and memory
70
hypothalamus
a structure found in the diencephalon
that participates in
the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression
71
pituitary gland
a gland located just above the roof of the mouth
that is connected to the hypothalamus
and serves as
a major source of hormones
72
basal ganglia
a collection of nuclei
within the cerebral hemispheres
that participate in
the control of voluntary movement
73
caudate nucleus
one of the major nuclei
that make up
the basal ganglia
74
putamen
one of the nuclei
contained in
the basal ganglia
75
globus pallidus
one of the nuclei
making up
the basal ganglia
76
subthalamic nucleus
a small nucleus,
located ventral to the thalamus,
that is part of the basal ganglia
77
nucleus accumbens
a small nucleus
associated with the basal ganglia
known to be important in reward and addiction
AKA the ventral striatum
78
limbic system
a collection of
forebrain structures
that participate in
emotional behavior, motivated behavior, and learning
79
hippocampus
a structure deep within
the cerebral hemispheres
that is involved with the formation of long-term declarative memories;
part of the limbic system
80
parahippocampal gyrus
a fold of tissue
near the hippocampus
that is often included in the limbic system
81
fornix
a fiber pathway
connecting the hippocampus and mammillary bodies
that is often included in the limbic system
82
mammillary body
1 of 2 bumps
on the ventral surface of the brain
that participate in memory
and are included in the limbic system
83
amygdala
an almond-shaped structure
in the rostral temporal lobes
that is part of the limbic system
84
cingulate cortex
a segment of older cortex
just dorsal to the corpus callosum
that is part of the limbic system
85
septal area
an area anterior to the thalamus and hypothalamus
that participates in reward
and is often included as part of the limbic system
86
gyrus/gyri
one of the "hills" on the convoluted surface
| of the cerebral cortex
87
sulcus/sulci
a "valley" in the convoluted surface
| of the cerebral cortex
88
fissure
a large sulcus "valley"
89
granule cell
a small type of cell
found in layers II and IV
of the cerebral cortex
90
pyramidal cell
a large, triangular cell
found in layers III and V
of the cerebral cortex
91
lobe
one of the 4 major areas
of the cerebral cortex:
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
92
frontal lobe
the most rostral lobe
of the cerebral cortex,
separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus
and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus
93
central sulcus
the fissure
separating the frontal and parietal lobes
of the cerebral cortex
94
parietal lobe
one of the four lobes
of the cerebral cortex;
located between
the frontal and occipital lobes
95
temporal lobe
```
the lobe of the cerebral cortex
lying ventral and lateral
to the frontal and parietal lobes
and rostral
to the occipital lobe
```
96
lateral sulcus
the fissure separating
the temporal and frontal lobes
of the cortex
97
occipital lobe
the most caudal lobe
of the cortex;
location of primary visual cortex
98
insula
the cortex located
within the lateral sulcus
between the frontal/parietal and temporal lobes
referred to as "5th lobe"
99
longitudinal fissure
the major fissure dividing
the 2 cerebral hemispheres
on the dorsal side of the brain
100
sensory cortex
an area of the cortex
that is devoted to
processing of sensory information
101
motor cortex
an area of the cortex
that is devoted to
the processing of movement
102
association cortex
an area of the cortex
that does not process sensory or motor information directly
but rather serves as a bridge
between areas that do process these functions
103
primary visual cortex
an area of the sensory cortex
located within the occipital lobe
that provides the initial cortical processing
of visual information
104
primary auditory cortex
an area of the sensory cortex
located within the temporal lobe
that provides the initial cortical processing
of sound information
105
postcentral gyrus
the fold of parietal lobe tissue
just caudal to the central sulcus;
the location of
the primary somatosensory cortex
106
primary somatosensory cortex
an area of the sensory cortex
located within the parietal lobe
that provides the highest level of processing
for body senses such as
touch, position, skin temperature, and pain
107
primary motor cortex
an area of the cortex located
within the frontal lobe
that provides the highest level of command
to the motor systems
108
precentral gyrus
the fold of frontal lobe tissue
just rostral to the central sulcus;
the location of
the primary motor cortex
109
corpus callosum
a wide band of axons
| connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres
110
anterior commissure
a small bundle of axons
that connects structures
in the right and left cerebral hemispheres
111
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC)s
an area located at the top and sides of the frontal lobe
that participates in executive functions such as
attention and the planning of behavior
112
orbitofrontal cortex
```
an area of the frontal lobe
located just behind the eyes
involved in impulse control;
damage to this area can produce
antisocial behavior
```
113
frontal lobotomy
a surgical procedure
in which a large portion of the frontal lobe
is separated from the rest of the brain
114
Broca's area
an area near
the primary motor cortex
in the frontal lobe
that participates in speech production
115
somatic nervous system
the PNS division that
brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord
and returns commands to the muscles
116
autonomic nervous system
the division of the PNS
that directs the activity of
the glands, organs, and smooth muscles of the body
117
endocrine system
glands that secrete hormones
| directly into the blood supply
118
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves
that exit the brain
as part of the PNS
119
olfactory nerve (I)
smell to brain
120
optic nerve (II)
from eyes to brain
121
oculomotor nerve (III)
controls muscles of the eye
122
trochlear nerve (IV)
controls muscles of the eye
123
trigeminal nerve (V)
controls chewing movements
| and provides feedback regarding facial expression
124
abducens nerve (VI)
controls muscles of the eye
125
facial nerve (VII)
produces muscle movement
in facial expressions
and that carries taste information
back to the brain
126
auditory nerve (VIII)
from inner ear to brain
127
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
manages both sensory and motor functions in throat
128
vagus nerve (X)
serves heart, liver, digestive tract
129
spinal accessory nerve (XI)
controls muscles of neck
130
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
responsible for movement of the tongue
131
mixed nerve
spinal nerves that carry both sensory and motor information
132
afferent nerve
carries sensory information
| TO the CNS
133
efferent nerve
carries motor commands
| AWAY from CNS
134
dorsal root ganglion
a collection of cell bodies
of afferent nerves
located just outside the spinal cord
135
biofeedback
a set of techniques
that enable people to control
typically unconscious or involuntary functions
such as blood pressure
136
sympathetic nervous system
the division of
the autonomic nervous system
that coordinates arousal
137
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of
the autonomic nervous system
responsible for rest and energy storage
138
enteric nervous system
a division of the autonomic nervous system
consisting of neurons embedded
in the lining of the gastrointestinal system
139
sympathetic chain
a string of cell bodies
outside of the spinal cord
that receive input from sympathetic neurons in the CNS
and that communicate with target organs
140
natural selection
the process by which favorable traits would become more common
and unfavorable traits would become less common in subsequent generations
due to differences among organisms
in their ability to produce successfully
141
fitness
the ability of an organism with one genetic makeup
to reproduce more successfully
than organisms with other types of genetic makeup
142
hominin
a primate in the Hominidae,
| of which Homo sapiens is the only surviving member
143
chordates
the phylum of animals
that possess true brains and spinal cords
also know as vertebrates
144
Homo sapiens
the species of modern humans
