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3313 > Ch 4 Definitions: Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Ch 4 Definitions: Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse

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2
Q

neuromodulator

A

a chemical messenger that communicates with target cells more distant than the synapse by diffusing away from the point of release

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3
Q

neurohormone

A

a chemical messenger that communicates with target cells at great distance by traveling through the circulation

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4
Q

small molecules

A

one of a group of neurochemicals that includes amino acids & amines

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5
Q

neuropeptide

A

a peptide that acts as a neurotransmitter, a neuromodulator, or a neurohormone

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6
Q

amino acid

A

an essential component of proteins

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7
Q

gasotransmitter

A

a gas such as nitric oxide (NO) that performs a signaling function

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8
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

a major small-molecule neurochemical used at the neuromuscular junction, in autonomic nervous system & in the CNS

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9
Q

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)

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10
Q

nicotinic receptor

A

a postsynaptic receptor that responds to nicotine & ACh

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11
Q

muscarinic receptor

A

a postsynaptic receptor that responds to both ACh & muscarine

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12
Q

monoamines

A

one of a major group of biogenic amine neurochemicals, including dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin

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13
Q

catecholamines

A

a member of a group related biogenic amines that include dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

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14
Q

indoleamines

A

one of a subgroup of monoamines, including serotonin & melatonin

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15
Q

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

an enzyme that breaks down monoamines

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16
Q

catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT)

A

an enzyme that breaks down catecholamines in the synaptic gap

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17
Q

L-dopa

A

a substance produced during the synthesis of catecholamines that is also administered as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease

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18
Q

dopamine

A

a major monoamine & catecholamine neurochemical implicated in motor control, reward, and psychosis

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19
Q

norepinephrine

A

a major monoamine & catecholamine neurochemical

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20
Q

epinephrine

A

one of the monoamine/catecholamine neurochemicals; also known as adrenaline

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21
Q

mesostriatal pathway

or nigrostriatal pathway

A

a dopaminergic pathway originating in the substantia nigra & projecting to the basal ganglia

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22
Q

mesolimbic pathway

A

a dopaminergic pathway originating in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain & projecting to the nucleus accumbens

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23
Q

mesocortical pathway

A

a dopaminergic pathway originating in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain & projecting to the prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

serotonin

A

a major monoamine & indoleamine neurochemical believed to participate in the regulation of mood, sleep, aggression, social status, and appetite

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25
glutamate
a major excitatory amino acid neurochemical
26
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
a major inhibitory amino acid neurochemical
27
glycine
an amino acid neurochemical having inhibitory effects in the spinal cord & excitatory effects in conjunction with NMDA glutamate receptor
28
adenosine
a neurochemical that is the byproduct of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
29
nitric oxide (NO)
a gas that performs a type of signaling between neurons
30
agonist
substance that promotes the activity of a neurochemical
31
antagonist
substance that reduces the action of a neurochemical
32
reserpine
a substance derived from a plant that depletes supplies of monoamines by interfering with the uptake of monoamines into synaptic vesicles; used to treat high BP & psychosis but often produces depression
33
methamphetamine
a variation of amphetamine that is cheaply produced & widely abused in the United States
34
botulism
a fatal condition produced by bacteria in spoiled food, in which a toxin produced by the bacteria prevents the release of ACh
35
curare
a substance derived from Amazonian plants that causes paralysis by blocking the nicotinic ACh receptor
36
benzodiazepine
a major tranquilizer that acts as a GABA agonist
37
barbituate
a drug that produces strong sedation by acting as a GABA agonist
38
reuptake inhibitor
substance that interferes with the transport of released neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic terminal
39
area postrema
a brainstem area, in which the BBB is more permeable, that triggers vomiting in response to the detection of circulating toxins
40
placebo effect
perceived benefit from inactive substances or procedures
41
double-blind experiment
a research design in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the participant is receiving a drug or placebo until after the research is concluded
42
tolerance
the process in which more of a drug is needed to produce the same effect
43
withdrawl
the symptoms that occur when certain drugs are no longer administered or are administered in smaller quantities
44
addiction
a compulsive craving for drug effects or other experience in spite of negative consequences
45
psychoactive drug
a drug that produces changes in mental processes
46
caffeine
a stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate that acts as an antagonist to adenosine
47
nicotine
a stimulant drug that is the major active component found in tobacco
48
cocaine
a powerful, addictive dopamine agonist derived from the leaves of the coca plant of South America
49
amphetamine
a highly addictive drug that acts as a potent dopamine agonist
50
ecstasy (MDMA)
a close relative of amphetamine that produces its behavioral effects by stimulating the release of serotonin & oxytocin
51
opiod
a substance that interacts with endorphin receptors
52
morphine
a compound extracted from opium, used to treat pain
53
codeine
an opium derivative used medicinally for cough suppression & pain relief
54
opiate
an active substance derived from the opium poppy
55
endorphin
a naturally occurring neuropeptide that is very closely related to opiates
56
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
the major psychoactive ingredient of cannabis
57
anandamide
a naturally occurring chemical that interacts with CB1 cannabinoid receptors
58
sn-2 arachidonylglycerol (2-AG)
a naturally occurring chemical that interacts with CB2 cannabinoid receptors
59
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
a hallucinogenic drug that resembles serotonin
60
alcohol
a substance that not only has its main effect as an agonist at the GABAa receptor, but also stimulates dopaminergic pathways & antagonizes the NMDA glutamate receptor

3313 (16 decks)

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