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3313 > Ch 4 Definitions: Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Ch 4 Definitions: Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse

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2
Q

neuromodulator

A

a chemical messenger that communicates with target cells more distant than the synapse by diffusing away from the point of release

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3
Q

neurohormone

A

a chemical messenger that communicates with target cells at great distance by traveling through the circulation

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4
Q

small molecules

A

one of a group of neurochemicals that includes amino acids & amines

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5
Q

neuropeptide

A

a peptide that acts as a neurotransmitter, a neuromodulator, or a neurohormone

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6
Q

amino acid

A

an essential component of proteins

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7
Q

gasotransmitter

A

a gas such as nitric oxide (NO) that performs a signaling function

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8
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

a major small-molecule neurochemical used at the neuromuscular junction, in autonomic nervous system & in the CNS

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9
Q

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)

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10
Q

nicotinic receptor

A

a postsynaptic receptor that responds to nicotine & ACh

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11
Q

muscarinic receptor

A

a postsynaptic receptor that responds to both ACh & muscarine

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12
Q

monoamines

A

one of a major group of biogenic amine neurochemicals, including dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin

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13
Q

catecholamines

A

a member of a group related biogenic amines that include dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

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14
Q

indoleamines

A

one of a subgroup of monoamines, including serotonin & melatonin

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15
Q

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

an enzyme that breaks down monoamines

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16
Q

catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT)

A

an enzyme that breaks down catecholamines in the synaptic gap

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17
Q

L-dopa

A

a substance produced during the synthesis of catecholamines that is also administered as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease

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18
Q

dopamine

A

a major monoamine & catecholamine neurochemical implicated in motor control, reward, and psychosis

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19
Q

norepinephrine

A

a major monoamine & catecholamine neurochemical

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20
Q

epinephrine

A

one of the monoamine/catecholamine neurochemicals; also known as adrenaline

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21
Q

mesostriatal pathway

or nigrostriatal pathway

A

a dopaminergic pathway originating in the substantia nigra & projecting to the basal ganglia

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22
Q

mesolimbic pathway

A

a dopaminergic pathway originating in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain & projecting to the nucleus accumbens

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23
Q

mesocortical pathway

A

a dopaminergic pathway originating in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain & projecting to the prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

serotonin

A

a major monoamine & indoleamine neurochemical believed to participate in the regulation of mood, sleep, aggression, social status, and appetite

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25
Q

glutamate

A

a major excitatory amino acid neurochemical

26
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

a major inhibitory amino acid neurochemical

27
Q

glycine

A

an amino acid neurochemical having inhibitory effects in the spinal cord & excitatory effects in conjunction with NMDA glutamate receptor

28
Q

adenosine

A

a neurochemical that is the byproduct of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

29
Q

nitric oxide (NO)

A

a gas that performs a type of signaling between neurons

30
Q

agonist

A

substance that promotes the activity of a neurochemical

31
Q

antagonist

A

substance that reduces the action of a neurochemical

32
Q

reserpine

A

a substance derived from a plant that depletes supplies of monoamines by interfering with the uptake of monoamines into synaptic vesicles; used to treat high BP & psychosis but often produces depression

33
Q

methamphetamine

A

a variation of amphetamine that is cheaply produced & widely abused in the United States

34
Q

botulism

A

a fatal condition produced by bacteria in spoiled food, in which a toxin produced by the bacteria prevents the release of ACh

35
Q

curare

A

a substance derived from Amazonian plants that causes paralysis by blocking the nicotinic ACh receptor

36
Q

benzodiazepine

A

a major tranquilizer that acts as a GABA agonist

37
Q

barbituate

A

a drug that produces strong sedation by acting as a GABA agonist

38
Q

reuptake inhibitor

A

substance that interferes with the transport of released neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic terminal

39
Q

area postrema

A

a brainstem area, in which the BBB is more permeable, that triggers vomiting in response to the detection of circulating toxins

40
Q

placebo effect

A

perceived benefit from inactive substances or procedures

41
Q

double-blind experiment

A

a research design in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the participant is receiving a drug or placebo until after the research is concluded

42
Q

tolerance

A

the process in which more of a drug is needed to produce the same effect

43
Q

withdrawl

A

the symptoms that occur when certain drugs are no longer administered or are administered in smaller quantities

44
Q

addiction

A

a compulsive craving for drug effects or other experience in spite of negative consequences

45
Q

psychoactive drug

A

a drug that produces changes in mental processes

46
Q

caffeine

A

a stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate that acts as an antagonist to adenosine

47
Q

nicotine

A

a stimulant drug that is the major active component found in tobacco

48
Q

cocaine

A

a powerful, addictive dopamine agonist derived from the leaves of the coca plant of South America

49
Q

amphetamine

A

a highly addictive drug that acts as a potent dopamine agonist

50
Q

ecstasy (MDMA)

A

a close relative of amphetamine that produces its behavioral effects by stimulating the release of serotonin & oxytocin

51
Q

opiod

A

a substance that interacts with endorphin receptors

52
Q

morphine

A

a compound extracted from opium, used to treat pain

53
Q

codeine

A

an opium derivative used medicinally for cough suppression & pain relief

54
Q

opiate

A

an active substance derived from the opium poppy

55
Q

endorphin

A

a naturally occurring neuropeptide that is very closely related to opiates

56
Q

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

the major psychoactive ingredient of cannabis

57
Q

anandamide

A

a naturally occurring chemical that interacts with CB1 cannabinoid receptors

58
Q

sn-2 arachidonylglycerol (2-AG)

A

a naturally occurring chemical that interacts with CB2 cannabinoid receptors

59
Q

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

A

a hallucinogenic drug that resembles serotonin

60
Q

alcohol

A

a substance that not only has its main effect as an agonist at the GABAa receptor, but also stimulates dopaminergic pathways & antagonizes the NMDA glutamate receptor

3313 (16 decks)

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