Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3313 > Ch 11 Definitions: Sleep and Waking > Flashcards

Ch 11 Definitions: Sleep and Waking Flashcards

1
Q

circadian rhythm

A

a repeating cycle of about 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ultradian cycle

A

a cycle that occurs several times in a single day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

zeitgeber

A

an external cue for setting biological rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

free-running circadian rhythm

A

a rhythm that is not synchronized to environmental time cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

entrainment

A

the resetting of internal biological clocks to the 24-hour cycle of the earth’s rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

shift maladaptation syndrome

A

a condition resulting in health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems resulting from sleep disruption due to shift work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

jet lag

A

fatigue, irritability, and sleepiness resulting from travel across time zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

an area of the hypothalamus located above the optic chiasm;

responsible for maintaining circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC)

A

retinal cells that do not process information about visual images, but rather provide light information to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

retinohypothalamic pathway

A

a pathway leading from the retina of the eye to the hypothalamus;
provides light information necessary for maintenance of circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

melanopsin

A

a photopigment used by ipRCGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

melatonin

A

an indoleamine secreted by the pineal gland that participates in the regulation of circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cortisol

A

a hormone released by the adrenal glands that promotes arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern

A

a type of depression that results from insufficient amounts of daylight during the winter months;
formally known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

beta wave

A

a brain waveform having 14 to 30 cycles per second,

associated with high levels of alertness during wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

alpha wave

A

a brain waveform having 8 to 13 cycles per second,

associated with less alertness and more relaxation than beta activity during wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gamma band activity

A

a brain waveform having more than 30 cycles per second,

associated with the processing of sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

theta wave

A

a brain waveform having 4 to 7 cycles per second

found primarily in lighter stages of NREM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

a period of sleep characterized by desynchronous brain activity, muscle paralysis, eye movement, and storylike dream behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

non-REM (NREM) sleep

A

a period of sleep characterized by slow, synchronous brain activity, reductions in heart rate, and muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

myoclonia

A

a muscle jerk occurring in early stages of sleep

22
Q

sleep spindle

A

a short burst of 12 to 14 cycle-per-second waves observed during NREM sleep

23
Q

K-complex

A

a brief burst of brain activity consisting of single delta waves occurring during stage 2 NREM sleep

24
Q

delta wave

A

a brain waveform having 1 to 4 cycles per second that occurs during stage 3 and 4 of NREM sleep

25
Q

cholinergic mesopontine nuclei

A

a group of cells located at the border of the pons and midbrain that use ACh as their major neurotransmitter and participate in the maintenance of waking

‘meso’ refers to mesencephalon, or midbrain
‘pontine’ refers to the pons

26
Q

default mode network (DMN)

A

a circuit that is active during periods of unfocused thought

27
Q

sleep debt

A

the homeostatic control of sleep, in which sleep promotion is related to the preceding duration and intensity of wakefulness

28
Q

PGO wave

A

an electrical waveform observed during REM sleep,
originating in the pons
and traveling to the thalamus and occipital lobe

each PGO wave is associated with an eye movement

29
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

a hormone released during stages 3 and 4 of slow-wave sleep that promotes growth, increases in bone and muscle mass, and immune system function

30
Q

neural network model

A

an approach to understanding the function of dreaming as a means for forgetting irrelevant information

31
Q

REM rebound

A

the increased amount of REM sleep following a period of REM deprivation

32
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

a theory suggesting that dream content reflects ongoing neural activity

33
Q

evolutionary model of dreaming

A

a theory suggesting that dreaming provides the advantage of consolidating memories during sleep rather than during waking

34
Q

threat simulation hypothesis

A

a theory suggesting that dreams provide practice for dealing with threats

35
Q

nightmare

A

a REM dream with disturbing content

36
Q

lucid dreaming

A

thoughtful dreaming;

the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming and can manipulate the experience

37
Q

sleep terror

A

an NREM episode in which the individual is partially aroused, disoriented, frightened, and inconsolable

38
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty initiating or maintaining enough sleep to feel rested

39
Q

onset insomnia

A

insomnia in which the individual has difficulty getting to sleep at bedtime

40
Q

maintenance insomnia

A

insomnia in which the individual cannot stay asleep during the night

41
Q

narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder characterized by the intrusion of REM sleep, and occasionally REM paralysis, into the waking state

42
Q

cataplexy

A

a feature of narcolepsy in which REM muscle paralysis intrudes into the waking state

43
Q

sleep paralysis

A

a feature of narcolepsy in which REM muscle paralysis occurs preceding of following actual sleep

44
Q

hypnogogic hallucinations

A

a REM-type dream that intrudes into waking state prior to the onset of sleep

45
Q

hypnopompic hallucinations

A

a REM-type dream that intrudes into waking upon awakening

46
Q

hypopnea

A

a reduction in airflow during sleep

47
Q

apnea

A

the total absence of airflow for a period of time

48
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

a syndrome in which an otherwise healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep

49
Q

sleepwalking

A

walking while asleep,

Usually during NREM

50
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

a sleep disorder in which the normal REM paralysis is absent

51
Q

restless leg syndrome (RLS)

A

a sleep disorder in which a limb, usually a leg, moves at regular intervals during sleep

3313 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions