Ch 11 Definitions: Sleep and Waking Flashcards

1
Q

circadian rhythm

A

a repeating cycle of about 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ultradian cycle

A

a cycle that occurs several times in a single day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

zeitgeber

A

an external cue for setting biological rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

free-running circadian rhythm

A

a rhythm that is not synchronized to environmental time cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

entrainment

A

the resetting of internal biological clocks to the 24-hour cycle of the earth’s rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

shift maladaptation syndrome

A

a condition resulting in health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems resulting from sleep disruption due to shift work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

jet lag

A

fatigue, irritability, and sleepiness resulting from travel across time zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

an area of the hypothalamus located above the optic chiasm;

responsible for maintaining circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC)

A

retinal cells that do not process information about visual images, but rather provide light information to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

retinohypothalamic pathway

A

a pathway leading from the retina of the eye to the hypothalamus;
provides light information necessary for maintenance of circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

melanopsin

A

a photopigment used by ipRCGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

melatonin

A

an indoleamine secreted by the pineal gland that participates in the regulation of circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cortisol

A

a hormone released by the adrenal glands that promotes arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern

A

a type of depression that results from insufficient amounts of daylight during the winter months;
formally known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

beta wave

A

a brain waveform having 14 to 30 cycles per second,

associated with high levels of alertness during wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

alpha wave

A

a brain waveform having 8 to 13 cycles per second,

associated with less alertness and more relaxation than beta activity during wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gamma band activity

A

a brain waveform having more than 30 cycles per second,

associated with the processing of sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

theta wave

A

a brain waveform having 4 to 7 cycles per second

found primarily in lighter stages of NREM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

a period of sleep characterized by desynchronous brain activity, muscle paralysis, eye movement, and storylike dream behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

non-REM (NREM) sleep

A

a period of sleep characterized by slow, synchronous brain activity, reductions in heart rate, and muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

myoclonia

A

a muscle jerk occurring in early stages of sleep

22
Q

sleep spindle

A

a short burst of 12 to 14 cycle-per-second waves observed during NREM sleep

23
Q

K-complex

A

a brief burst of brain activity consisting of single delta waves occurring during stage 2 NREM sleep

24
Q

delta wave

A

a brain waveform having 1 to 4 cycles per second that occurs during stage 3 and 4 of NREM sleep

25
cholinergic mesopontine nuclei
a group of cells located at the border of the pons and midbrain that use ACh as their major neurotransmitter and participate in the maintenance of waking ‘meso’ refers to mesencephalon, or midbrain ‘pontine’ refers to the pons
26
default mode network (DMN)
a circuit that is active during periods of unfocused thought
27
sleep debt
the homeostatic control of sleep, in which sleep promotion is related to the preceding duration and intensity of wakefulness
28
PGO wave
an electrical waveform observed during REM sleep, originating in the pons and traveling to the thalamus and occipital lobe each PGO wave is associated with an eye movement
29
growth hormone (GH)
a hormone released during stages 3 and 4 of slow-wave sleep that promotes growth, increases in bone and muscle mass, and immune system function
30
neural network model
an approach to understanding the function of dreaming as a means for forgetting irrelevant information
31
REM rebound
the increased amount of REM sleep following a period of REM deprivation
32
activation-synthesis theory
a theory suggesting that dream content reflects ongoing neural activity
33
evolutionary model of dreaming
a theory suggesting that dreaming provides the advantage of consolidating memories during sleep rather than during waking
34
threat simulation hypothesis
a theory suggesting that dreams provide practice for dealing with threats
35
nightmare
a REM dream with disturbing content
36
lucid dreaming
thoughtful dreaming; | the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming and can manipulate the experience
37
sleep terror
an NREM episode in which the individual is partially aroused, disoriented, frightened, and inconsolable
38
insomnia
difficulty initiating or maintaining enough sleep to feel rested
39
onset insomnia
insomnia in which the individual has difficulty getting to sleep at bedtime
40
maintenance insomnia
insomnia in which the individual cannot stay asleep during the night
41
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by the intrusion of REM sleep, and occasionally REM paralysis, into the waking state
42
cataplexy
a feature of narcolepsy in which REM muscle paralysis intrudes into the waking state
43
sleep paralysis
a feature of narcolepsy in which REM muscle paralysis occurs preceding of following actual sleep
44
hypnogogic hallucinations
a REM-type dream that intrudes into waking state prior to the onset of sleep
45
hypnopompic hallucinations
a REM-type dream that intrudes into waking upon awakening
46
hypopnea
a reduction in airflow during sleep
47
apnea
the total absence of airflow for a period of time
48
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
a syndrome in which an otherwise healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep
49
sleepwalking
walking while asleep, | Usually during NREM
50
REM sleep behavior disorder
a sleep disorder in which the normal REM paralysis is absent
51
restless leg syndrome (RLS)
a sleep disorder in which a limb, usually a leg, moves at regular intervals during sleep