Ch. 9-- Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celcius
Calorie
cells burn food (break bonds) and release energy as what?
heat
Cells prefer to break down bonds GRADUALLY and use the stored energy to do what?
produce other compounds like ATP
in what cells does cellular respiration occur in?
ALL eukaryotic cells
What is the Cellular Respiration formula?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water energy
What is the cellular respiration formula in words?
one molecule of glucose reacts with six molecules of oxygen to produce six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water and one molecule of ATP
What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
a pathway of CR that requires oxygen is called what?
aerobic
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
Where do the Krebs Cycle and the ETC take place?
mitochondrion matrix
What does photosynthesis do with energy?
deposits it back into the bonds of glucose
what does cellular respiration do with energy?
withdraws it breaking the bonds of glucose
what does photosynthesis do with carbon dioxide?
removes it from the atmosphere
what does CR do with CO2?
puts it back into the atmosphere
what does photosynthesis do with oxygen?
releases it into the atmosphere
what does CR do with oxygen?
takes it from the atmosphere and releases energy from food
What is glycolysis transformed into?
pyruvic acid
What is the ATP investment when glycolysis is turned into pyruvic acid?
2 ATP
what is the ATP production when glycolysis is turned into pyruvic acid?
4 ATP
what is the ATP net gain when glycolysis is turned into pyruvic acid?
2 ATP per glucose molecule
In ATP production, how many ATP molecules are used to get glycolysis started?
2
in NADH production, what is passed to the electron carriers NAD+ ?
4 high energy electrons
What happens when pyruvic acid is formed?
one molecule of glucose C6H12O6 bonds are broken
What are the advantages of glycolysis?
produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 in a series of energy extracting steps. OXYGEN HAS TO BE PRESENT
Krebs Cycle
What is the use of CO2 when produced by the Krebs Cycle?
CO2 is exhaled
When in the presence of oxygen, the electrons in NADH do what?
generate huge amounts of ATP
In the ETC, electrons are passed down the chain transporting what across the membrane and it creates a NEGATIVE region called what?
H+ ions; chemiosmosis
Every time the electrons in ATP production move, H+ ions move, thus ATP is created by what?
ATP synthase
As each pair of electrons from NADH moves down the length of the ETC ___ molecules of ATP are produced and __ molecules of FADH2 are produced
3;2
ATP = __% TOTAL energy in glucose
__ from the Krebs Cycle; and __ from the ETC
38%; 2; 34
Fermentation is what type of respiration?
anaerobic
What is regenerated so glycolysis can continue?
NAD+
what are the 2 types of fermentation?
Alcoholic and Lactic Acid
Alcoholic fermentation produces what?
ethyl alcohol and CO2
Alcoholic fermentation does what?
causes bread to rise and creates alcohol for beverages
Lactic Acid is used for food to create what?
ex:) yogurt, cheese, and sour cream
a sour taste
Humans are what type of fermenters, especially in the muscles?
lactic acid fermenters
Lactic Acid Fermentation is what type of energy?
quick energy
Energy stored in the ATP of the cells is only supplied for what?
a short burst of energy
cellular respiration is good for what type of energy?
long term energy
Lactic acid gives how many seconds of energy?
90 seconds
first, our body uses what in the muscle tissue
stored chemical reserves
then other stored molecules, like fat, are what?
broken down
