Ch. 21 Protists Test Review Flashcards
Protists
single-celled eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, fungi, or animal kingdoms
protists are mostly ______, but kelp is what?
unicellular; multicellular
protists were the first eukaryotes, which means they had a longer time to what?
evolve with many differences
amoebid movement (how do they move)
by changing shape
pseudopods
temporary projection of the cytoplasm that causes the cytoplasm to flow forwards propelling the organism forward. Used by an amoeba.
cilia
short numerous structures supported by microtubules that row like oars on a boat. Use by ciliates.
flagella
long structures supported by microtubules that spin like propellers or whip back and forth to produce movement.
conjugation
exchange of genetic information and then the cell goes into mitosis
what type of protist uses conjugation?
paramecium
alternation of generations
sexual; 2 different life cycles and structures. Alternate haploid and diploid stages
what type of amoeba form uses alternation of generations?
Oomycota (water mold)
how do water molds reproduce?
asexually by producing sporangium that contain spores
phytoplankton
small, free-floating organisms that are found at the surface of oceans and lakes
what important role do phytoplankton have?
carry out half the photosynthesis on earth (and are the primary food source for water life like wales)
who do heterotrophic protists obtain food?
from other living organisms
how do amoebas capture and digest food?
through the use of pseudopods that form food vacuoles to temporarily store food until it’s broken down by lysosomes
slime molds
individual amoeba forms that form large structures that have many nuclei called plasmodium that absorb molecules for nutrients through their cell walls and membranes
symbiotic protists
two species that live close together
mutualistic protists
benefits both parties
parasitic protists
protists benefits at the expense of the host
parasitic example:
plasmodium are protist that requires 2 host cells to complete its life cycle and cause malaria
how do paramecium store their DNA?
a paramecium stores their DNA in the micronucleus. The micronucleus contains all DNA present in the organism.
how does an Amoeba move?
pseudopods
how does a paramecium move?
cilia
how does a Euglena move?
flagella
KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 3 PROTISTS BY PIC AND MVT!!!
List 2 diseases that are spread by insects and caused by protists? Name and discuss the protist that causes each disease. (African Sleeping Sickness)
The protist that causes the African Sleeping Sickness disease is Trypanosoma. The tsetse fly is the vector for Trypanosoma. The tsetse fly is the insect that spreads the disease. The tsetse fly picks up Trypanosoma by biting an already infected human. Trypanosoma goes through the digestive system and travels back up to the salivary glands, causing it to become a mature Trypanosoma. The tsetse fly then bites a human and the Trypanosoma infects the human’s red blood cells by transferring from the tsetse fly’s salivary glands and into the bloodstream of the human. The human’s red blood cells are destroyed and the nerves of the Central Nervous System, controlled by the brain, are also destroyed. The infected/bitten human then loses all consciousness and falls into a fatal sleep, also known as the African Sleeping Sickness.
List two diseases that are spread by insects and caused by protists. Name and discuss the protist that causes each disease.(Malaria)
The protist that causes Malaria is plasmodium. The Anopheles mosquito is the vector for carrying the plasmodium. The plasmodium requires two host cells, Anopheles mosquito and the human to be bitten, to complete its life cycle and cause Malaria. the Anopheles mosquito bites and already infected human and picks up the plasmodium gametes. The plasmodium gametes then come together and create sporozoites. These sporozites develop in the digestive tract of the Anopheles mosquito. The sporozites then travel from the digestive tract and up to the salivary glands. The Anopheles mosquito then bites another human, releasing the sporozites into the humans’ bloodstream. The sporozites infect the liver of the human and develop in merozites. The merozites are then released into the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells. The red blood cells then lyse and release toxins and gametes causing Malaria.
Describe the three steps that Amoebas use to obtain food?
An amoeba obtains their food by creating pseudopods. A pseudopod is a temporary projection of the cytoplasm that causes the cytoplasm to flow forward propelling the organism forward. Next, an Amoeba traps their food. This is done through enclosing the food by wrapping the pseudopod around the trapped food and forming a food vacuole. The food vacuole keeps the food enclosed while the amoeba then begins to break down the trapped organism. The trapped organism is broken down by an amoeba releasing lysosomes into the food vacuole. After it is broken down, the amoeba absorbs nutrients into cytoplasm.
