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Sophomore > BIOLOGY EXAM > Flashcards

BIOLOGY EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that they…

A

can apply to more than one animal

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2
Q

One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to they system known as…

A

binomial nomenclature

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3
Q

According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized?

A

the genus name only

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4
Q

Based on their names, you know that the baboons “Papio annubis” and “Papio cynocephalus” do NOT belong to the same what?

A

species

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5
Q

the second part of a scientific name is unique to each what?

A

species in its genus

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6
Q

often, the second part of a species name is….

A

a description of a trait or habitat

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7
Q

Which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system?

A

Phylum and Kingdom

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8
Q

the grouping of organisms based on their common descent is called…

A

evolutionary classification

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9
Q

in biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to is descendants is referred to as a what?

A

derived character

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10
Q

all organisms in the Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Anamalia are…

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

which Kingdom contains heterotrophs with all walls of chitin?

A

Fungi

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12
Q

the domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is…

A

archaea

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13
Q

Viruses…

A

vary greatly in size and structure

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14
Q

unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses DO NOT…

A

lyse the host cell right away

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15
Q

the instructors for making new copies of a virus are…

A

coded either in the DNA or RNA

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16
Q

how do viruses cause disease?

A

by destroying cells or affecting cellular processes

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17
Q

during a lytic infection, the host cell…

A

is destroyed when it bursts

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18
Q

What is the basic structure of a virus?

A

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

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19
Q

viral diseases can be…

A

prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics

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20
Q

the outer protein coat of a virus is called…

A

capsid

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21
Q

what 3 materials make up any virus?

A

proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

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22
Q

viral infections can be prevented by vaccines, which are…

A

preparations of weakened or killed viruses

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23
Q

a lytic infection concludes with the…

A

bursting of the host cell

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24
Q

a prophage is made of…

A

viral DNA

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25
Q

Bacteria and Archaea differ in…

A

the makeup of cell walls

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26
Q

what type of bacteria is spherical shaped?

A

Cocci

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27
Q

what type of bacteria is rod shaped?

A

bacilli

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28
Q

what bacteria is spiral shaped?

A

spirilla

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29
Q

which of the following can survive either with or without oxygen?

A

facultative anaerobes

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30
Q

during what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information?

A

conjugation

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31
Q

Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called…

A

decomposers

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32
Q

How do bacteria cause diseases?

A

by disrupting cells and releasing toxins

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33
Q

bacteria that cause diseases are called…

A

pathogens

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34
Q

an unknown disease or well known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control…

A

an emerging disease

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35
Q

what might people do to prevent the development of more superbugs?

A

they should use antibiotics only when necessary

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36
Q

what kind of pathogen causes clumps of misfolded proteins to form in the brain?

A

prions

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37
Q

prions differ from viruses because…

A

prions contain no DNA or RNA

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38
Q

what are protists?

A

eukaryotes that are not part of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms

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39
Q

which of the following describes the structure of a pseudopod?

A

a cytoplasmic projection

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40
Q

many protists alternate between a diploid and haploid stages known as…

A

alternation of generations

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41
Q

during what process do two protists exchange genetic material?

A

conjugation

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42
Q

long structures supported by microtubules that spin like propellers or whip back and forth to produce movement

A

flagella

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43
Q

how do water molds reproduce?

A

asexually by producing sporangium that contain spores

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44
Q

phytoplankton are only found at the surface of ocean waters because…

A

they require sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

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45
Q

what structure do protists such as amoebas use for movement?

A

pseudopods

46
Q

which of the following protists get nutrients mainly by absorbing molecules from other organisms through their cell walls and cell membranes?

A

slime molds

47
Q

what are flagellated protists that cause African Sleeping Sickness?

A

Trypanosoma

48
Q

know what a flagella looks like and be able to identify it

A
49
Q

all fungi are…

A

heterotrophic eukaryotes

50
Q

a mushroom is a…

A

fruiting body

51
Q
A

mycelium

52
Q

an important role of fungi in an ecosystem is…

A

breaking down dead organisms

53
Q

Lichens play an important role in soil formation because they…

A

are often the first organisms to enter barren environments

54
Q

In a mycorrhizae relationships, what benefit does the plant get from the fungus?

A

aid in the absorption of water and minerals

55
Q

a mycorrhizae is a relationship between a fungus and a….

A

photosynthetic organism

56
Q

why are Lichens important?

A

they are able to survive in harsh environments and are the first to invade a barren environment

57
Q

how do plants use sunlight?

A

use the energy from sunlight that is captured by the leaves to carry on photosynthesis

58
Q

what were the ancestors of plants?

A

water-dwelling organisms similar to single-celled green algae

59
Q

in a plant life cycle, what does the diploid phase (2N (sporophyte)) produce?

A

sporophytes

60
Q

in the plant life cycle, what does the haploid phse (2N gametophyte)) produce?

A

gametes

61
Q

what was the first plant?

A

green algae

62
Q

why was green algae the first plant?

A

not because it was single celled or had branching filaments, but bc it is MULTICELLULAR

63
Q

why is green algae considered a plant?

A

they are multicellular, not single celled

64
Q

where can green algae be found?

A

aquatic areas or moist areas on land

65
Q

what are three type of Bryophytes?

A

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

66
Q

what is the relation between a rhizoid and a bryophyte?

A

rhizoids anchor bryophytes to the soil

67
Q

what does the phloem ( a vascular tissue) do in a vascular plant?

A

the phloem transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates made from photosynthesis

68
Q

what does the xylem (vascular tissue) do in a vascular plant?

A

the xylem carries water upwards from the roots to every part of the plant

69
Q

what is the main different between the xylem and phloem?

A

the xylem is a one way vessel, while the phloem is a two way vessel

70
Q

what is a seed?

A

a plant embryo and food supply that is encased in a protective covering

71
Q

where is the female gametophyte located?

A

in the ovule

72
Q

exposed seeds on the scales within a cone

A

gymnosperm

73
Q

where does the gametophyte develop?

A

in the reproductive structures called cones

74
Q

where is the MALE gametophyte contained?

A

the pollen grain made in the male cone

75
Q

plants that bear their seeds in a layer of tissue that protects the seed (flowering plants)

A

angiosperm

76
Q

what are the ovaries of an angiosperm?

A

tissues that develop into fruit that protects the seed after fertilization

77
Q

for an annual plant, how long is their life span?

A

one year

78
Q

why are animals considered heterotrophs?

A

they obtain nutrients and energy be eating other organisms

79
Q

why are animals considered multicellular?

A

they have cell membranes, but lack cell walls

80
Q

why are animals considered eukaryotic?

A

they contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

81
Q

what are invertebrates?

A

all animals that lack a backbone or vertebral column

82
Q

what percent of animals are invertebrates?

A

95%

83
Q

95% of animals are invertebrates, this includes (4):

A

sea stars, worms, jellyfish, and insects

84
Q

chordates are part of _____ ______

A

phylum chordata

85
Q

what percent of animals are chordates?

A

fewer than 5%

86
Q

what two main things do all chordate animals share at one point in their life?

A

a tail that extends beyond the anus and pharyngeal pouches

87
Q

what are pharyngeal pouches?

A

paired structures in the throat region

88
Q

in fish, what may pharyngeal pouches develop into?

A

gills used for gas exchange

89
Q

what does the nervous system/nerve cells do to maintain homeostasis/a stable environment?

A

gather information and respond

90
Q

what do muscle tissues do to help maintain homeostasis/a stable environment?

A

produce movement by shortening when stimulated by the nervous system

91
Q

why does the muscle system work with the skeleton system?

A

to coordinate movement

92
Q

a vertebrate’s skeleton is internal or external?

A

internal

93
Q

a vertebrate’s skeleton is made of….?

A

bones

94
Q

an invertebrates skeleton is internal or external?

A

external

95
Q

what are the benefits of animals reproducing asexually? what does this mean for the animal?

A

it allows animals to increase numbers. they are genetically identical

96
Q

most animals have 4 of the same tissues. What are these tissues?

A

epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous

97
Q

body parts that extend outward from the center with many lines of symmetry. (allows them to be divided equally in many ways)

A

radial symmetry

98
Q

what is an example of radial symmetry?

A

starifsh

99
Q

what is bilateral symmetry?

A

body can be divided into RIGHT and LEFT sides that are mirror images

100
Q

what is an example of bilateral symmetry?

A

humans

101
Q

what is the back portion of bilateral symmetry known as?

A

upper-dorsal

102
Q

what is an example of an upper-dorsal

A

dorsal fin of a dolphin

103
Q

innermost layer of an embryo that develops into digestive tract and respiratory system

A

endoderm

104
Q

middle layer of an embryo, gives rise to muscle, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

A

mesoderm

105
Q

outermost layer of an embryo, produces sense organ, nerves and outer layer of skin

A

ectoderm

106
Q

a body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm (a fluid filled space b/w the digestive tract and body wall)

A

coelom

107
Q

what is a fertilized egg called?

A

a zygote

108
Q

a blastula is when the fertilized egg develops into what?

A

a hollow ball of cells

109
Q

internal or external body parts that repeat on each side of the body (legs, arms)

A

segmentation

110
Q

how do you know when an animal is segmented?

A

it has appendages

111
Q

true or false: appendages can vary in species?

A

true

112
Q

what are 3 examples of how appendages vary in species? (forelimbs)

A

human arms
dolphin flippers
wings of a bird

Sophomore (41 decks)

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