BIOLOGY EXAM Flashcards
One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that they…
can apply to more than one animal
One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to they system known as…
binomial nomenclature
According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized?
the genus name only
Based on their names, you know that the baboons “Papio annubis” and “Papio cynocephalus” do NOT belong to the same what?
species
the second part of a scientific name is unique to each what?
species in its genus
often, the second part of a species name is….
a description of a trait or habitat
Which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system?
Phylum and Kingdom
the grouping of organisms based on their common descent is called…
evolutionary classification
in biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to is descendants is referred to as a what?
derived character
all organisms in the Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Anamalia are…
eukaryotes
which Kingdom contains heterotrophs with all walls of chitin?
Fungi
the domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is…
archaea
Viruses…
vary greatly in size and structure
unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses DO NOT…
lyse the host cell right away
the instructors for making new copies of a virus are…
coded either in the DNA or RNA
how do viruses cause disease?
by destroying cells or affecting cellular processes
during a lytic infection, the host cell…
is destroyed when it bursts
What is the basic structure of a virus?
DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
viral diseases can be…
prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics
the outer protein coat of a virus is called…
capsid
what 3 materials make up any virus?
proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
viral infections can be prevented by vaccines, which are…
preparations of weakened or killed viruses
a lytic infection concludes with the…
bursting of the host cell
a prophage is made of…
viral DNA
Bacteria and Archaea differ in…
the makeup of cell walls
what type of bacteria is spherical shaped?
Cocci
what type of bacteria is rod shaped?
bacilli
what bacteria is spiral shaped?
spirilla
which of the following can survive either with or without oxygen?
facultative anaerobes
during what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information?
conjugation
Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called…
decomposers
How do bacteria cause diseases?
by disrupting cells and releasing toxins
bacteria that cause diseases are called…
pathogens
an unknown disease or well known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control…
an emerging disease
what might people do to prevent the development of more superbugs?
they should use antibiotics only when necessary
what kind of pathogen causes clumps of misfolded proteins to form in the brain?
prions
prions differ from viruses because…
prions contain no DNA or RNA
what are protists?
eukaryotes that are not part of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms
which of the following describes the structure of a pseudopod?
a cytoplasmic projection
many protists alternate between a diploid and haploid stages known as…
alternation of generations
during what process do two protists exchange genetic material?
conjugation
long structures supported by microtubules that spin like propellers or whip back and forth to produce movement
flagella
how do water molds reproduce?
asexually by producing sporangium that contain spores
phytoplankton are only found at the surface of ocean waters because…
they require sunlight to carry out photosynthesis
what structure do protists such as amoebas use for movement?
pseudopods
which of the following protists get nutrients mainly by absorbing molecules from other organisms through their cell walls and cell membranes?
slime molds
what are flagellated protists that cause African Sleeping Sickness?
Trypanosoma
know what a flagella looks like and be able to identify it
all fungi are…
heterotrophic eukaryotes
a mushroom is a…
fruiting body
mycelium
an important role of fungi in an ecosystem is…
breaking down dead organisms
Lichens play an important role in soil formation because they…
are often the first organisms to enter barren environments
In a mycorrhizae relationships, what benefit does the plant get from the fungus?
aid in the absorption of water and minerals
a mycorrhizae is a relationship between a fungus and a….
photosynthetic organism
why are Lichens important?
they are able to survive in harsh environments and are the first to invade a barren environment
how do plants use sunlight?
use the energy from sunlight that is captured by the leaves to carry on photosynthesis
what were the ancestors of plants?
water-dwelling organisms similar to single-celled green algae
in a plant life cycle, what does the diploid phase (2N (sporophyte)) produce?
sporophytes
in the plant life cycle, what does the haploid phse (2N gametophyte)) produce?
gametes
what was the first plant?
green algae
why was green algae the first plant?
not because it was single celled or had branching filaments, but bc it is MULTICELLULAR
why is green algae considered a plant?
they are multicellular, not single celled
where can green algae be found?
aquatic areas or moist areas on land
what are three type of Bryophytes?
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
what is the relation between a rhizoid and a bryophyte?
rhizoids anchor bryophytes to the soil
what does the phloem ( a vascular tissue) do in a vascular plant?
the phloem transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates made from photosynthesis
what does the xylem (vascular tissue) do in a vascular plant?
the xylem carries water upwards from the roots to every part of the plant
what is the main different between the xylem and phloem?
the xylem is a one way vessel, while the phloem is a two way vessel
what is a seed?
a plant embryo and food supply that is encased in a protective covering
where is the female gametophyte located?
in the ovule
exposed seeds on the scales within a cone
gymnosperm
where does the gametophyte develop?
in the reproductive structures called cones
where is the MALE gametophyte contained?
the pollen grain made in the male cone
plants that bear their seeds in a layer of tissue that protects the seed (flowering plants)
angiosperm
what are the ovaries of an angiosperm?
tissues that develop into fruit that protects the seed after fertilization
for an annual plant, how long is their life span?
one year
why are animals considered heterotrophs?
they obtain nutrients and energy be eating other organisms
why are animals considered multicellular?
they have cell membranes, but lack cell walls
why are animals considered eukaryotic?
they contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
what are invertebrates?
all animals that lack a backbone or vertebral column
what percent of animals are invertebrates?
95%
95% of animals are invertebrates, this includes (4):
sea stars, worms, jellyfish, and insects
chordates are part of _____ ______
phylum chordata
what percent of animals are chordates?
fewer than 5%
what two main things do all chordate animals share at one point in their life?
a tail that extends beyond the anus and pharyngeal pouches
what are pharyngeal pouches?
paired structures in the throat region
in fish, what may pharyngeal pouches develop into?
gills used for gas exchange
what does the nervous system/nerve cells do to maintain homeostasis/a stable environment?
gather information and respond
what do muscle tissues do to help maintain homeostasis/a stable environment?
produce movement by shortening when stimulated by the nervous system
why does the muscle system work with the skeleton system?
to coordinate movement
a vertebrate’s skeleton is internal or external?
internal
a vertebrate’s skeleton is made of….?
bones
an invertebrates skeleton is internal or external?
external
what are the benefits of animals reproducing asexually? what does this mean for the animal?
it allows animals to increase numbers. they are genetically identical
most animals have 4 of the same tissues. What are these tissues?
epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous
body parts that extend outward from the center with many lines of symmetry. (allows them to be divided equally in many ways)
radial symmetry
what is an example of radial symmetry?
starifsh
what is bilateral symmetry?
body can be divided into RIGHT and LEFT sides that are mirror images
what is an example of bilateral symmetry?
humans
what is the back portion of bilateral symmetry known as?
upper-dorsal
what is an example of an upper-dorsal
dorsal fin of a dolphin
innermost layer of an embryo that develops into digestive tract and respiratory system
endoderm
middle layer of an embryo, gives rise to muscle, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
mesoderm
outermost layer of an embryo, produces sense organ, nerves and outer layer of skin
ectoderm
a body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm (a fluid filled space b/w the digestive tract and body wall)
coelom
what is a fertilized egg called?
a zygote
a blastula is when the fertilized egg develops into what?
a hollow ball of cells
internal or external body parts that repeat on each side of the body (legs, arms)
segmentation
how do you know when an animal is segmented?
it has appendages
true or false: appendages can vary in species?
true
what are 3 examples of how appendages vary in species? (forelimbs)
human arms
dolphin flippers
wings of a bird
