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WSET 3 Spring 19 > Ch 9 > Flashcards

Ch 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Red wine steps

A 
GRAPES- sort- destemed- CRUSH- pre ferment maceration
GRAPES-whole bunches- semi or carbonic
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION- post maceration  
DRAIN   to FREE RUN juice or SKIN LEES
if FREE RUN - MALO
if SKIN LEES - PRESS WINE- MALO
blend - mature- blend again- clarify stabilize
PACKAGING
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2
Q

where in Spain is grenache produced

A

PRIORATE and RIOJA - blended with Carignan, H tannin, fresh black fruit, toast oak
RIOJA–> RIOJA BAJA blend with tempernillo, contributes perfume body and ABV
CALATUYUD
Carinea
Navarra
others regions produce rose

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3
Q

vineyard choice for grenache

A 
late ripe
-warm & hot climate
-high tolerance for drought
-sweet think skinned and H abv
-L acid, full body, soft tannin
red fruit flavors
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4
Q

winery choices for grenache

A

1) de-steamed, crush at arrival
2) pre fermentation maceration common
- some whole bunches
3) open top ferment, stainless or cement, gentle cap mgt
4) post ferment maceration –> add tannin
5) matured in large vessels, foundres
6) it is usually blended
7) in hot climate- jammy and H abv

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5
Q

where is premium grancache produce outside EU

A 
Barossa and McLaren
-concentrated full body, H abv
-more restrained: old bush vine
-L volume, H concentrated flavor
red berries and pepper spice
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6
Q

describe granache in france

A

1)S Rhone: CDP- full body, rich texture, concentrate, spicy red fruit
2) Langudoc: GSM, carignan, and cincult
spicy perfumed, local herbs

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7
Q

vineyard choices for syrah

A
  • small thick dark color skin
  • not ripen in cool climates
  • range: medium bodied with pepper and fresh black fruit aroma
  • to full body with intense very ripe black fruit with hints of licorice
  • deep color and H tannin long age
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8
Q

name the regions of France for Syrah

A

Cote Rotie and Hermitage
-can produce full body (sough face slopes) pepper, meat, leather (after age)

Langudoc: blended with grenache, mourvedre, carignan, cincult,
-riper flavors and tannin

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9
Q

describe the wine produced from France’s syrah

A

climate is the coolest for growth / ripening

-light wine simple black fruit, herbaceous fruit grippy tannin

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10
Q

where is syrah produced outside of france

A

HUNTER VALLEY and BAROSSA (HOT)- soft earthy, spicy, black fruit aroma

GREAT SOUTHERN, GEELONG, HEATHCOTE (COO)- leather, more pepper

Chile, S Africa, Hawke’s Bay (NZ), Washington state

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11
Q

winery choices for syrah (more restrained)

A
  • harvest early
  • lower sugar- lower abv
  • moderate climate
  • gentle cap mgt
  • percentage taken for whole bunch fermentation
  • age in large barrels 300-500 L, using old oal
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12
Q

winery choices for syrah (full body)

A

warm and hot climates

  • vigorous cap mgt to extract color, tannin, flavor
  • high portion aged in new oak
  • toasty flavors and concentrated flavors
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13
Q

vineyard choices for Pinot Noir

A
  • early ripe
  • thin skin
  • many clones
  • light fruity red cherry notes to complex earthy spice for forest
  • tannin tricky b/c skin delicate
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14
Q

name new world regions that produce premium Pinot Noir?

A

CA: Los Carneros, Sonoma
NZ: Martinborough, Malborough, Central Otago
Australia: Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula, Tasmania
S Africa: Walker bay
Chile: Casablanca

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15
Q

name old world regions that produce premium pinot noir

A

FRANCE: Burgundy, Cote d’Or

  • intensely complex
  • range from delicate floral to tannic and spicy

GERMANY-Baden

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16
Q

press wine options for red wine

A

1) free run - wine draws off skins
- at start of ___- wine may be similar in composition as free run
2) as continues –> deeper in color and tannin
3) may choose to separate in fractions
4) later fractions used to adjust color or tannin to final blend

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17
Q

post fermentation maceration choice

A
  • may or may not be desirable
  • length of time wine stays on its skins once fermentation is complete depends upon style
  • can create smoother tannin and structure
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18
Q

what choices are available for fermenting red wine vessels

A
  • considering cap mgt- vessels are usually large, many are open topped
  • oak, tank, concrete, stainless
  • closed oak barrels impracticable/ impossible to maintain sufficient contact with skins
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19
Q

rotary fermenters

A

fermentation takes place in a horizontal tank

-it keeps the juice in constant contact with skin

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20
Q

rack and return

A
  • fermentating juice is drained and put into another vessel, leaving cap behind
  • juice is pumped back over the cap
  • done once or twice very extractive and heat dissipating
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21
Q

pump over

A

drawing off fermenting juice from bottom of vat and pumping it up on the top
-dissipate heat and oxygenate juice

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22
Q

punching down

A

1) traditionally done by hand with paddles at the end of sticks
- a person could become CO2 sick

2) mechanical paddles
- care to not over work the cap
- fermentation w/ tannin are more easily extracted
- bitter astringent

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23
Q

cap mgt techniques

A
  • punch down
  • pumping over
  • rack and return
  • rotary ferment
  • fermentation vessels
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24
Q

temperature control during fermentation

A

20-32 C depending on style

  • high aids in color extraction
  • not to exceed 35C kill yeast zone
  • control color, flavor, tannin by control temp
  • wine maker may choose to reduce temp at end of fermentation to control tannin
25
Q

cold maceration or cold soaking

A

once fruit has been crushed

  • period of time skin is left in juice at a low temp
  • before fermentation
  • extract flavor and color
  • tannin are more soluble in alcoholic solution
26
Q

the vast majority of red wine making is de-stemmed and crushed. what techniques are limited to this?

A

1) pre fermentation - cold maceration
2) temperature control 20-32 / 35 kill
3) cap management - extraction control

27
Q

what is the key to red wine making to make it successful

A

1) extraction of color
2) tannin

  • more considerations during & after fermentation
  • pressing happens after fermentation
  • MLF standard practice no stylistic choice
28
Q

semi carbonic maceration intails?

A

1) vat filled with whole buches
2) grapes are crushed under the weight
3) ambient yeast starts fermentation
-produce CO2 which fills tank
-remaining berries under co carbonic maceration
NO CO2

29
Q

why would a winemaker choose to ferment using semi carboinc maceration?

A

better integration of aroma from intercellular fermentation

  • retains fresh fruit character
  • some notable pinot noir is done this way
30
Q

carbonic maceration intails?

A

1) placing only whole uncrushed bunches into vats
2) vat filled with CO2
3) intracellular fermentation starts
- at 2% ABV, skins split and juice released
- generally pressure at this stage

31
Q

why would a wine maker choose to ferment using carbonic maceration?

A

method of fermentation extracts color but little tannin

-soft fruit –> kirsh, banana, bubble gum, cinnamon

32
Q

styles of whole bunch fermentation

A

1- carbonic maceration
2- semi carbonic maceration
3- whole bunches w/ crushed fruit

33
Q

whole bunches w/ crushed fruit fermentation intails?

A

1) whole bunches not covered w/ CO2
- largely submerged by crushed grape
- therefore intrcellular fermentation take place
2) whole bunches progressivly crush b/c punch down

34
Q

why would a winemaker choose to use whole bunches w/ crushed fruit as a fermentation choice?

A
  • more carbonic achieved by higher percentage of whole berries
  • technique- silkier texture and brighter fresher fruit character
35
Q

describe blending rose production

A

small quantity of red wine is added to white

  • not permented in EU except Champgne
  • some fruity inexpensive NW wine made this way
36
Q

describe short maceration rose production

A

black grapes are allowed to macerate to extract flavor and cover

  • duration–> how much color and tannin
  • free run juice is drained off and fermented in cool temp
37
Q

describe direct pressing rose production

A

black grapes are crushed and pressed in the same way as in white wine production
-extracts little color and care not to extract too much tannin

38
Q

in basic terms, how is rose made?

A

1- direct press
2 short maceration
3-blending

39
Q

premium merlot winery choices?

A

-de-stemmed, crushed, perfermentation, maceration–> greater color skins are supple
-skins are supple
-age in new oak–> toast, vanilla, clove, juice plum
12-18 mts common age

40
Q

describe the internal style, premium merlot

A
  • harvested as late at possiable
  • intense purple color extracted
  • blackberry, plum, soft velvet texture tannin
  • new oak - toasty flavors
41
Q

premium Bordeaux Merlot region

A 
SAINT EMILLON and POMEROL 
-harvested early
-med body and abv
-high acidity
more fresh fruit red
-some vegetate and leafy aroma
42
Q

premium cab sauv winery choices

A
  • de-stemming and crushed–> herbaceous and astringent disreguarded
  • thick skin- deep color before fermentation
  • 26-30 C exractive and fruit balance
  • oak aged, high perecntage in new oak (225L barrique french 6mt to 4 years/ 12-18 mts typical)
  • often blended
43
Q

premium cab sauv outside europe

A 
Napa
Coonawary and Margret river Australia
Hawkes's Bay  NZ
Stellenbosch S Africa
Colchagua Valley Chile
44
Q

what are the characteristics of premium cab sauv outside europe?

A
  • seen in in varietal and blends styles
  • ripens better in warm climates with long sunny hours
  • full body, ripe black current and black cherry notes, smooth tannin
45
Q

cab sauv in classic europe

A

Medoc:
long lived vines
Youth: displays grippy tannin,some ceder black current, leaf aroma
Age: soft tannin and expressive flavor (compared to merlot)
Blended with Sangiovese in Italy
and Temrpinillo in Spain

46
Q

wine making choices for expensive red wine?

A

1) object retain fresh primary fruit characters
2) de-stemmed and crushed at arrival
3) commercial yeast 20-25 C
4) post fermentation mac avoided constraint on vat space
5) cap not heavily worked
6) carbonic/ semi carbonic
7) stainless steel - cheep staves
8) stabilized fined sterile filtered bottle

47
Q

vineyard choices for high volume inexpensive red wine

A

1) choose growing area that is warm, sunny, dry
2) cab, merlot, syrah, grenache
3) have concentration of color, tannin, flavor, fruitness
4) end wine maybe style grape variety or blend
5) style fruity red

48
Q

advantages/ disadvantages to clarifying and stabilisation

A

1) most red wine will under go some form of fining and or filtration to improve ______

2) some wine makers avoid process–> harms the structure
- gradual sediment naturally occurs on all wines subject to long maturation before bottle in w/o filtration

49
Q

Blending

A

enhanses or balances aspects of wine, color, body, tannin, acid flavor
must include:
-2 different varieties and or
-2 different fractions and or
-2 different oak (aged, size, toast stainless, concrete)

50
Q

maturation options for red wine

A

1) oak or no nok
2) virtually all MLF
3) if oak choice–> staves, chip ton inert vessel
now wine maker aim is subtle integration oak different ages and larger sizes
-best wine aged long and with new oak

51
Q

winery production of Pinot Noir

A

1) either de-stemmed and crushed with period of pre maceration or keep some for whole bunch ferment
2) ferment temp 30–> cooler also light fresher style/ warmer more tannin and color
3) age in oak: 12-24 months for premium
4) not usually blended with other grapes
- blending s/ other plots of grapes
5) best develops forest floor and mushrooms

52
Q

Semi Carbonic Maceration in tails?

A

NO CO2

  • vat filled w/ whole bunches
  • grapes are crushed under the weight
  • ambient yeast starts fermentation
  • produce CO2 which fills the tank
  • remaining berries undergo carbonic maceration
53
Q

What grapes see Semi Carbonic Maceration as a wine making fermentation choice?

A

Some notable Pinot Noir are done this way

  • better integration of aroma from intracellular fermentation
  • retains better fresh fruit characters
54
Q

Carbonic maceration intails?

A
  • place only whole uncrushed bunches into vat
  • vat is filled with CO2
  • intracellular fermentation starts
  • 2% ABV the skins split and juic released
  • generally pressed at this stage
55
Q

Why would a winemaker use Carboinic maceration as a wine making fermentation choice?

A

method extract color and little tannin soft fruit
kirsh, banana,
bubble gum, cinnamon

56
Q

styles of whole bunch fermentation?

A

1) carbonic maceration
2) semi carbonic maceration
3) whole bunches w/ crushed fruit

57
Q

Whole bunches w/ crushed fruit fermentation initials?

A

NO CO2 —> whole bunches are largely submerged by crushed grape

  • intracellular fermentation takes place
  • whole bunches progressively crushed b/c punch down
  • more carbonic achieved by 1percent of whole berries
58
Q

why would a winemaker use whole bunches w/ crushed fruit as a fermentation option?

A

this technique produces silker texture and brighter silkier texture and
-brighter, fresher, fruit character

WSET 3 Spring 19 (46 decks)

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