Ch 6 Flashcards
describe winter dormancy as it relates to vineyard annual cycle
North: Dec-march South: July - Sept
- shoot become woody are now canes
- vines stores reserves of carbohydrates in its roots
- earth piled up around vine provides cold protection
- pruning
describe harvest as it relates to vineyard annual cycle
North: Sept- Oct South: March- April
- ideally dry period
- rainfall causes grapes to swell diluting the juice
- increase of rot
- no spraying
describe verasion and berry ripening
North: July- Sept South: Jan - Mar
- 6 to 8 weeks of growth
- grapes are hard
- at _____ grapes ripen and change color
- grape fill with water, increase in sugar, decrease in acid, increase in tannin
- canopy management pruning and spraying
describe flowering and fruit set
North: May-June South: Nov - Dec -need warm temp and no rain \_\_\_ occurs when flower develops into grapes -when fail, called color when flower fails, called millerandage
describe early shoot and leaf growth
North: march- May South: Sept - Nov
- rapid shoot growth
- filled by carbohydrates reserves
- vine needs water and nutrients
- shots tried to the trellis
- spray
describe budburst
North: march- Apr South: Sept-Oct
- new shoots grow
- begins when temp 10C and above
- take precautions against frost
- spraying against fungal disease and pest begins
list overarching steps of the vineyard annual growth cycle
bud burst -->mar-apr early shoot and leaf growth-->mar- may flower and fruit set--> may -jun Veraision and berry ripping--> july-sept harvest --> sept- oct winter dormancy --> dec- mar
what are the advantages of hand harvesting
- allows grape selection to take place
- for noble rot this is necessary
- less damage to grapes
- further protection of grapes transported in shallow stack-able trays
- stems retained
- done on steep slopes
what are the disadvantage of machine harvesting
- not selective
- bits of leaf, insects, and other
- only can be used on flat/ gently sloping lands
- may damage skins, causing increase in tannin, disease, bitter juice
what are the advantages of machine harvesting?
- speed
- can work through the night
- saves money on cooling the grapes
- lower labor costs
- best suited to varieties not easily damaged
- done by shaking the trunk of the vines and collection the berries as they fall off
define veraision as it relates to harvesting
- point at which the grapes begin to ripen
- sugar increase, acid decrease
- grape develops signature flavors
- tannin become less bitter and astringent
what are 2 harvesting methods?
machine vs. hand
what factors contribute in choosing harvesting method?
how vineyard is planted labor costs / availability topography weather conditions wine making choices
describe biodynamic agriculture
-very limited number of traditional treatments against pest and diseases
-Rudolf Steiner and Maria Thun
Grape growing practices coincide with cycles of planets, moon, stars
-“preperations” are used to fertilize soil, treat disease, ward off pests
describe organic agriculture
- limited number of more traditional treatments against pests and diseases are aloud and in small quantities
- requires accreditation
- vineyard undergoes a period of conversion working toward standard before certified
how does a grape grower plan density in a vineyard with high levels of nutrients and rainfall
- fertile soil not suitable for viticulture
- low density planting using vines with multiple cordons or canes
- found in New World
- good quality grapes at high yields
how does a grape grower plan density in a vineyard with low levels of nutrients and sufficient rainfall
- vines need little ___ to thrive
- use high density–> makes for competition for resources
- grower correct number of buds after winter pruning
- strict control on number of buds
when would a low planting density be beneficial?
- regions have very low level of rainfall or limited access to irrigation
- vine roots take up water with out having to compete with neighboring vines
define yields
- is a measure of the amount of grapes produced
- measures in terms of weight: tonnes, per hector, or volume
- estimates can be derived from the number of buds left on vine after winter pruning
- frost damage, poor fruit set, pest, disease, can reduce final number
define green harvesting
if a grape grower determine the number of grapes to bee too high
- reduce by removing immature grapes shooting after veraision
- vine may compensate by increasing size of remaining grapes which dilutes flavor
list pest that harm a vineyard
1) phylloxera
2) nematodes- microscope worms that transmit viruses
- deture with root stock choices
3) birds and mammals
- increase fungal disease
- deture with net fencing
4) insect
- deture with spraying
what fungal disease can harm a vineyard
1) downy and powdery mildew
- thrive in warm humid enviro
- affect grapes - loose fruit flavor
2) gray rot
- botyris cinerea
- taint flavor
- color loss in black grapes
what preventive measures can be used to prevent fungal disease?
chemical spraying
- powdery mildew–> sulfur based
- Downy mildew–> copper based
- canopy management that considered: density, airflow, sunlight, water
describes what affect viruses can be in a vinedyard
-most do not kill
-limits vine’s ability to function
-reduces yield and quality
-spread by vine cutting or nematodes
CURE: eradicating by digging and sanitizing land
describe what affect bacterial diseases can have on a vineyard
- may just reduce quality and quantity some can kill a vine
- spread by sharpshooters
- no treatment/ cure
- strict quarantine and interrupting the sharpshooters life cycle
grapes growers may wish to practice these agriculture activities in effort to reduce environmental damage and reduce chemical spraying?
- sustainable ag
- organic ag
- biodynamic ag
describe sustainable ag
- man mad chemical are not prohibited but restricted
- develop understanding of the lifestyle of vineyard pests, monitor weather to predict occurrence, then spray
- use predators of pests
define density and list important criteria that influence choices
-expressed as the number of vines planted per hectar
one acres= .4 hectares
-low 1000 plants high 10,000 plants
-availability of nutrients and water determination factors
describe vertical shoot positioning (VSP)
- can be used with replacement cane or spur and pruned
- shoots are trained vertically and are tied in place onto the trellis forming a single narrow canopy
- advantage: canopy mgt open, well aerated, shade free, machine harvest
describe a trellised vineyard
each row of vines requires a line of posts joined by horizontal wires
- can and shoots are tied
- together know as canopy mgt
reasons to use trellised vineyards?
1) arrangement of the young shoots can be used to control the amount of sunlight
2) improve air circulation important in wet climates
3) can aid mechanization for harvesting and spraying insecticides or fungicides
define goblet
a form of un-trellised vineyard
where the hand trained spur pruned
vines are tied together at the tips
where would you not want to use untrellised vineyards?
- in cool or wet regions
- shade impedes grape ripening
- lack of airflow-> promotes disease
- not suitable for mechanical harvesting
where would you find un-trellised vineyards?
best suited for warm hot, dry, sunny regions
- Southern Rhone, Barbarossa valley
- vine are tied together at tips to expose bunches to air and sunlight
if the grape grower chose not to trellis vines, what is another choice in vine training?
head trained spur pruned
-shoots hang down, often to ground
define a trellised vineyard
_____ are permanent structures of stacked and wire that are used to support any replacement canes and the vine’s annual growth
what are the disadvantage of untrellised vineyards?
in a cool or wet regions, shade can impedes grape ripening
- lack of airflow promotes disease
- no mechanical harvesting
- avoided in Beaujolais
- goblet
describe an untrellised vineyard
- shoots hang down often to the ground
- bush vines
- typically head trained spur pruned
- suited for warm to hot, dry, sunny regions
- S Rhone, Barbarossa Australia
When choosing canopy management, what are the most important concerns?
to use trellises or not is an important concern
trellises are permanent structures of stake and wire used to support any replacement cane an vine annual growth
what is the goal of summer pruning
restrict vegetative growth and direct sugar production and to grape
-can involve leaf strapping so that bunches of grapes have optimum exposure to sunshine
describe how head trained, replacement cane pruned in accomplished?
one or two canes is tied horizontally to the trellis
- most often seam on head trained vines
- guyot training -single/ double
2 styles of vine pruning
spur–> short sections of one year old wood cut down to 2 or 3 buds
replacement cane–> one year old wood has 8-20 buds
define vine pruning
____ is the removal of unwanted leaves, cane, permanent wood
- takes place in winter and summer
- winter determine number and location of buds
describe cordon training
vine have a trunk with one or more permanent horizontal arm spur pruned
- training take longer to establish
- advantage= mechanization in vineyard
describe head training
relatively little permanent wood
- few short arms from top of trunk
- can either spur pruned or replacement can pruned
define vine training
-shape of permanent wood
head cardon
-either system can be adapted to
low high
benefit heat of soil avoid frosts
what activities are included in magement the vine?
vine training
vine pruning
trellising, canopy management
density
Vine management activities are adaptive to suit?
resources temperature sunlight water nutrients
when should you consider to replace old vines
most are long lived 30-50 years
old vines= well established plants
-may produce exceptional quality with greater concentration of flavor
-quantity decreases with age and increases susceptibility disease
-balance between quality and profitability
what are the activities in planting/ replanting a vineyard
- site cleared
- adjust soil fertility
- protect young vines –> plastic sleeves
- irrigation
- 1st yield about 3 years after planing
what are the overarching activities in vineyard management
- site selection
- planting/ replanting
- mgmt of the vine
- management pests and disease
- viticulture practices
- harvest
when selecting a vineyard site, what grape variety should be assessed?
1) choose _____ that suits climatic conditions
2) must also be a demand for the grapes
3) EU may place restrictions on variety
when selecting a vineyard site, what business consideration should be assessed
- proximity of vineyard to utilities
- availability of workforce
- accessibility for machinery
- cost of land
when selecting a vineyard site what environmental conditions should be assessed?
- site’s average temperature
- rain fall
- sun light
- fertility of soil and draining
- plant density
- planting training and trellising
What conditions should be assessed when selecting a vineyard site?
1) environmental conditions
2) business considerations
3) grape variety
