Ch 5 Flashcards
what are the nutrients in soil for vines
Nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
describe the amount of nutrients that vines require? what is called when vines do not have enough
don’t need much for vines to thrive
cholorosis is the lack of nutrients which turns leaves yellow; solved by fertilisers
what is the ideal amount of water vine need?
ideal needed good supply early in the season to support shoot and leaf growth
-followed by mild stress after verasion
define humus
made up of decomposing plant and animal material
- rich in plan nutrients
- excellent water retaining properties
soil comes from where? describe the different size soils?
stones, sand, clay
____ comes from underlying rock or later deposits
- size crucial
- stones help to heat vineyard
- sand large particles
- clay small particles
define: soil composition
sits above underlying bedrock
- range from few centimeters to several meters deep
- made of tiny particles of various size
factors affect soil for
soil composition
stones, sand, clay
humus
define mediterrean climate
low temp difference
- warm summers and dry
- coastal California, Chile, S Africa, SE Australia
- fuller bodied, riper tannin, higher alcohol
define maritime climate
cool to moderate temp
- low annual difference
- rain evenly spread
- ripen far into fall
- Bordeaux can ripen cab sauv
- spring rain can be harmful to fruit set
define continental climate
climate that has the greatest difference in temperature between hottest and coldest months
- high continentality : Chablis/ champagne
- dry summer may need irrigation
a growing region can be defined by
climate class: cool, moderate, warm, hot Diurnal Range Time of rainfall Climate Category: Continental, maritime, Mediterranean Continentality: low/ high
3 climate categories for growing grapes?
continental
maritime
Mediterranean
hot climates is what temp?
region w/ an average growing season temp in excess of 21 C
warm climates is what temp?
region w/ an average growing season temp of 18.5-21 C
moderate climate is what temp?
region with average growing season temp of 16.5- 18.5
cool climates is what temp?
regions w/ an average growing season temp of 16.5 or below
define region’s weather
is the annual variation that happens
define cliamte
the temperature, sunlight, water availability
- defined as the annual pattern of temperature, sunlight, rainfall out over several years
- does not change year to year
describe hail in a vineyard and what are preventive measures?
-can destroy entire crops but tends to be localized
eg mendoza
preventive measure:
- netting
- reduce risk by owing several vineyard sites
describe how rainfall timing and how much falls can be a hazard
can have an affect on flowering and fruit set and be disruptive
- reduce number of grapes formed
- damp conditions spread fungal disease, swelling /split grapes
describe the hazards of different amount of water
1) drought: stop transpiration to preserve, resources
- extensive photo synthesis stops
2) too much: to much growth = less sugar in grapes and increased shading/ water logged in soil affects roots
3) hail: destroys crops
define transpiration
-vine access water through roots and draws it up to the leaves
-amount of water determined by temperature
-once canopy has grown, limiting supply = beneficial
can concentrate flavors
list they ways water is brought to a vineyard
- rainfall and irrigation
- drip irrigation
- sprinklers
- flood irrigation
sunlight: describe how too much / too little can affect a vineyards and what are preventive measures?
- low level can cause small crop
- intense___ can cause burn, leading to bitter flavors in skins
Preventive measure: good canopy management
describe the relationship between sunlight and a slope’s aspect?
- steep slopes benefit more
- __ face equator= most sun
- further from equator, sun is weaker
describe the relationship between sunlight and neighboring seas and lakes
vineyard near large lake or large bodies of water experience more clouds
- more continentalality the more sun
- river and lakes can reflect sun into the vineyard
describe the relationship between sunlight and latitude
- dry length is longer then further from the equator
- growing season is longer the further from the equator
- factors important to ripen riesling in germany
factors affecting sunlight include:
latitude
seas and lakes
aspects
plants need 5 things
1) heat –> sun, soil
2) sunlight–> reflected from water, affecting quantity
3) carbon dioxide–> quality of
4) water –> rain irrigation soil
5) nutrients –> particles, humus, fertilizers
describe temperature hazard during the growing season
cold
- cold temps in spring delay bud burst
- shortens growing season
- may any have time to ripen grapes
describe temperature hazard during the growing season
warm?
extreme heat will slow activity even when there is sufficient water
growers minimize risk of spring frost by using
heaters
wind machines
sprinkler
thoughtful vineyard design
temperature hazards; spring
water vapor that settles on the ground or vine–> can kill newly burst buds or young shoots
temperature hazards: winter
below 20C can damage/ kill
- graft is most at risk
- earth used to cover
mild or no ____
vine will not have dormant period
-shorten life may reduce quality
-more pests to consider
factors affecting heat: diurnal range
difference between daytime and nighttime temp
- cool nights slow loss of aroma and acidity
- proximity to sea and lakes can reduce
- level of cloud cover influences ___
- cloud insulate and trap heat
factors that affect continentality
LOW____
-large bodies of water that heat and cool more slowly than the land mass alone
HIGH____
-region far inland
____ will determine the length of growing season
=influence grape varietal picked here
factors affecting heat: continentality
____ the temp difference between the coldest and hottest months
-regions with high ____ has large differences in seasonal temperatures
factors affecting heat: aspect
___ facing the equator receive the most heat
-northern hemisphers need south facing ___
-steeper slopes benefit even mo re
eg best wines in Mosel
factors affecting heat: soil
___ that are dark in color or have high stone and rock content absorb and re-radiate
- with high water require more heat to warm up
- cold soil may delay bud burst
factors affecting heat fog
help to cool an area
-important to california and Casablanca Valley chilie
a warm water ocean current
gulf stream warms NW europe
2 cold water ocean currents
Humboldt–> off Chile
Benguela –> off S Africa
factors affecting heat: ocean currents
____ transport large volumes of warm / cold water
describe the relationship between heat and altitude
as ___ increases temperature drops
- a region at a high _____ can grow grapes closer to the equator
- cayfayate, northern Argentina
describe the relationship between heat and latitude
most vineyards are between 30-50 d
n and S of equator
factors that affect heat include
Latitude altitude ocean current fog soil absorb/ reradible aspect Continentality and diurnal range
fruit set
early summer the vine flowers and small grapes form
describe vine’s annual growth cycle
- winter dormant
- spring bud burst
- late spring / early summer–> vine flowers and small grapes form
- summer- grapes grow (still hard)
- late summer/ early fall: grapes swell and sugar increase, acid decrease, flower develop change color
veraison
when grapes change color
fist sign of ripening
from green to black blue or pink or golden
a vine needs heat to do what
below 10c too cold for growth ___ is for:
successful flowering, fruit set ripening
-amount is the defining factor that determines grape variety to grow
describe which soils hold what amount of water?
- ___ is stored in the soil by binding to clay particles or humus
- sand and stony do not hold ___
- mixture sand and clay = loam
