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Physiology > Ch 8: Joints > Flashcards

Ch 8: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Define joints

A

Site where 2 or more bones meet

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2
Q

What are the basic functions of the joint?

A
  1. Give skeleton mobility

2. Hold skeleton together

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3
Q

What are the 3 functional classification of joints?

A
  1. Synarthroses
  2. Amphiarthroses
  3. Diarthroses
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4
Q

What is an immovable joint called?

A

Synarthroses

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5
Q

What are slightly movable joints called?

A

Amphiarthroses

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6
Q

What are freely movable joints called?

A

Diarthroses

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7
Q

What are the 3 structural classification of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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8
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of synovial joints.

A
  1. Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
  2. Diarthrotic
  3. Include all limb joints; most joints of body
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9
Q

What are the six distinguishing features of synovial joints?

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Synovial cavity
  3. Articular (joint) capsule
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. Reinforcing ligaments
  6. Nerves and blood vessels
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10
Q

What is the purpose for articular cartilage?

A

Prevents crushing of bone ends

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11
Q

What is a synovial cavity?

A

Small, fluid-filled space between joints

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12
Q

What are the 2 layers of the articular capsule?

A
  1. External fibrous layer

2. Inner synovial membrane

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13
Q

What is the external fibrous layer consisted of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of the inner synovial membrane?

A

Loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid

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15
Q

What are the 3 factors of synovial structure and function?

A
  1. Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
  2. Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
  3. Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
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16
Q

What are the 3 types of reinforcing ligaments?

A
  1. Capsular
  2. Extracapsular
  3. Intracapsular
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17
Q

Where is the capsular reinforcing ligaments found?

A

The thickened part of the fibrous layer

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18
Q

Where is the extracapsular reinforcing ligaments found?

A

Outside the capsule

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19
Q

Where is the intracapsular reinforcing ligaments found?

A

Deep to capsule covered by synovial membrane

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20
Q

What is the purpose of nerves and vessels in ligaments?

A

Detects pain

Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid

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21
Q

What are fatty pads for?

A

Cushioning between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone

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22
Q

What are articular discs (menisci)?

A

Fibrocartilage that separates the articular surfaces to improve “fit” of bone ends, stabilizes joints, and reduce wear and tear

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23
Q

What is bursae?

A

Sacs lined with synovial membrane that reduces friction where 2 surfaces would rub together

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24
Q

What is a tendon sheath

A

Elongated burda wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction

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25
Q

What are the two points of attachment of muscles?

A

Origin attaches to immovable bone

Insertion attaches to movable bone

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26
Q

What occurs when the muscle constracts in relation to insertion and origin?

A

Insertion would move toward origin

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27
Q

List three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints.

A
  1. Shapes or articular surfaces
  2. Ligament number and location
  3. Muscle tendons that cross joint
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28
Q

What is gliding movement?

A

One flat bone surface gliding or sliding over another

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29
Q

What are examples of gliding?

A
  1. Intercarpal joints
  2. Intertarsal joints
  3. Between articular processes of vertebrae
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30
Q

What are angular movements?

A

Increase or decrease angle between 2 bones

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31
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreases the angle of joints

32
Q

What is extension?

A

Increases the angle of the joint

33
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

Movement beyond the anatomical position

34
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from the midline

35
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement toward the midline

36
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Involes flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb

37
Q

What is rotating movement?

A

Turning of bone around its own long axis

38
Q

What are some examples of rotation?

A
  1. C1 and C2

2. Rotation of humerus and femur

39
Q

What part of the body moves due to supination and pronation?

A

Radius and ulna

40
Q

What part of the body moves due to dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

A

Foot

41
Q

What part of the body moves due to protraction and retraction?

A

Wrist

42
Q

What part of the body moves due to inversion and eversion?

A

Foot

43
Q

What part of the body moves due to elevation and depression?

A

Mandible

44
Q

What part of the body moves due to opposition?

A

Thumb

45
Q

Describe the structure of the knee joint?

A
  1. 12 associated bursae
  2. Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons
  3. Capsular and extracapular ligaments
  4. Intracapsular ligaments
  5. Anterior cruciate ligaments
  6. Posterior cruciate
46
Q

What occurs when the knee joint is injuried?

A
  1. Absorption of great vertical force

2. Vulnerable to horizonatal blows

47
Q

What parts of the knee are susceptible to injury?

A
  1. Collateral ligaments
  2. Cruciate ligaments
  3. Cartilages
48
Q

Describe the structure of the shoulder

A
  1. Ball and socket joint

2. Most freely moving joint in body

49
Q

Describe the structure of the elbow

A

Hinge joint

Articulation of radius and ulna

50
Q

Describe the structure of the shoulder

A

Ball and socket joint

Limited by deep socket

51
Q

Indentify the 2 types of hip replacements

A
  1. Total hip replacement (arthroplasty)

2. Partial (hemiarthroplasty)

52
Q

What is the difference between total and partial hip replacement?

A

Total: Replaces both the acetabulum and femoral head
Partial: Replaces femoral head only

53
Q

What are the 2 types of movement of the temporomandibular joint?

A
  1. Hinge

2. Gliding

54
Q

How is cartilage tears fixed?

A

Repaired with arthoscopic surgery

55
Q

How does cartilage tears happen?

A

Partial menisci removal renders join less stable

56
Q

What is a sprain?

A
  • Reinforcing ligaments stetched or torn

- Partial tears slowly heal due to poor vascularization

57
Q

What are 3 methods with ligament if it’s torn completely?

A
  1. Ends sewn together
  2. Reglaced with grafts
  3. Time and immobilization
58
Q

What occurs during dislocations?

A

Bones are forced out of alignment

59
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Partial dislocation of a joint

60
Q

What is bursitis?

A

The inflammation of bursa caused by blow or friction, typically treated by rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory

61
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of tendon sheaths

62
Q

What are the typical symptoms of arthritis?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Stiffness
  3. Swelling of joints
63
Q

What is the acute form of arthritis caused by?

A

Bacteria

64
Q

What are the chronic forms of arthritis?

A
  1. Osteoarthritis
  2. Rheumatoid arthritis
  3. Gouty arthritis
65
Q

What occurs during osteoarthritis?

A

More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints

66
Q

What are the treatments for osteoarthritis?

A

Moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams

67
Q

What occurs during rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  1. Inflammed blood cells release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues
  2. Synovial fluid accumulates
  3. Pannus that clings to articular cartilage
  4. Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends
68
Q

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  1. Joint pain and swelling
  2. Anemia
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. Muscle weakness
  5. Cardiovascular problems
69
Q

What are some treatments of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  1. Steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  2. Immune suppressants that target tumor necrosis factor
  3. Joint replacement
70
Q

What is gout?

A

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues followed by inflammation

71
Q

What are the treatments for gout?

A
  1. Drugs
  2. Plenty of water
  3. Avoidance of alcohol
72
Q

What causes Lyme disease?

A

Caused by bacteria transmitted by tick bites

73
Q

What are Lyme disease symptoms?

A
  1. Skin rash
  2. Flu-like symptoms
  3. Foggy thinking
74
Q

What treat Lyme?

A

Antibiotics

75
Q

What are the factors that promote or disturb joint homeostasis?

A
  1. Embryo: synovial joints resemble adult joints

2. Advancing years: ligament and tendons weaken, discs herniate, osteoporosis

Physiology (22 decks)

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