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Physiology > Ch 25: Urinary System Part 1 > Flashcards

Ch 25: Urinary System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Regulating total water volume and solute concentration in water
  2. Regulate ECF ion concentration
  3. Ensures long-term aic-base concentrations
  4. Removal of waste
  5. Activation of vitamin D
  6. Gluconeogenesis
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2
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Renin: regulate BP
  2. EPO: regulate RBC production
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3
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Bladder
  4. Urethra
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4
Q

What are the kidneys?

A

Major excretory organs

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5
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

Retroperitoneal T12-L5

Right kidney is lower than left

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6
Q

What sits atop the kidneys?

A

Adrenal gland

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7
Q

What enters the kidneys add exits at hilum?

A
    1. Ureters
    2. Renal blood vessels
    3. Lymphatics
    4. Nerves
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8
Q

What are the supportive tissues of the kidneys?

A
  1. Renal fascia
  2. Perirenal fat capsule
  3. Fibrous capsule
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9
Q

What is the renal fascia?

A

Anchors outer layer of kidney

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10
Q

What is the perirenal fat capsule?

A

Fatty cushion of the kidney

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11
Q

What is the fibrous capsule?

A

Prevents spread of infection to kidney

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12
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

Granular-appearing superficial region

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13
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

Composed of cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids

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14
Q

What is the minor calces?

A

Drain pyramids

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15
Q

What is the major calyces?

A

Collect urine from minor calyces emptying urine into renal pelvis

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16
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter

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17
Q

What is the route of urine flow through the kidneys?

A

Renal pyramid → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter

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18
Q

What is pyelitis?

A

Infection of renal pelvis and calyces

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19
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Infection/inflammation of entire kidney

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20
Q

How is pyelitis and pyelonephritis treated?

A

Antibiotics

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21
Q

What does kidneys do to blood?

A

Cleanses blood adjusting its composition allowing a rich blood supply

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22
Q

How much is the CO to kidneys?

A

1200mL per kidneys/minute

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23
Q

What flows out of the kidneys through a similar path?

A

Arterial and venous

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24
Q

What is the nerve supply of the kidneys?

A

Renal plexus

25
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

26
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

Temporary storage reservoir for urine

27
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Transports urine out of body

28
Q

Describe the path of blood through the renal blood vessels

A

Aorta → Renal artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerus (capillaries) → Efferent arterioles → Peritubular capillaries (vasa recta) → Renal vein → Inferior vena cava

29
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Structural and functional units that form urine

30
Q

How many nephrons are in a kidney?

A

Over 1 million

31
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nephrons?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Renal tubule
32
Q

What are the components of the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
33
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Highly porous that allows filtrate formation

34
Q
  • What is the Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s)?
A

Cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus

35
Q

What are the components of the renal tubule?

A
  1. PCT
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. DCT
36
Q

What is the purpose of the PCT?

A

Closest to the renal corpuscle that functions in reabsorption and secretion confined to the cortex

37
Q

What is the loop of Henle (Nephron loop)?

A
  1. Proximal descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule
  2. Distal descending limb that is thin
  3. Thick ascending limb
38
Q

What is the purpose of the DCT?

A

Farthest from the renal corpuscle that assists with more secretion than reabsorption confined to the cortex

39
Q

What is the collecting ducts?

A
  1. Receive filtrate from many nephrons
  2. Fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
40
Q

What are the cells associated with the collecting ducts?

A
  1. Principal cells
  2. Intercalated cells
41
Q

What is the purpose of the principal cells?

A

Maintains water and Na+ balance

42
Q

What is the purpose of the intercalated cells?

A

Maintains acid-base balance of blood

43
Q

Where does urine delivery enter after the collecting ducts?

A

Minor calyces

44
Q

What are the 2 classes of nephrons?

A
  1. Cortical nephrons
  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
45
Q

How much of nephrons are corticol?

A

85%

46
Q

What is the importance of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Production of concentrated urine

47
Q

What is the structure of cortical nephrons?

A

Almost the entire cortex

48
Q

Describe the structure of juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  1. Long nephron loops deeply invade medulla
  2. Ascending limbs have thick and thin segments
49
Q

What are the capillaries associated with the renal tubules?

A
  1. Glomerus
  2. Peritubular capillaries
50
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Specialized for filtration, fed and drained by arteriole

51
Q

Why is blood pressure high is the glomerus?

A
  1. Afferent arterioles larger in diameter than efferent arterioles
  2. Arterioles are high-resistance vessels
52
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries?

A

Low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes

53
Q

What is the capillary associated with juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Vasa recta

54
Q

What is the vasa recta’s function?

A

Formation of concentrated urine

55
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

Regulation of rate of filtrate formation and blood pressure

56
Q

What are cells associated with JGC?

A
  1. Macula densa
  2. Granular cells
  3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
57
Q

What is the macula densa?

A
  1. Chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate
  2. Located in thick ascending limb of nephron loop
58
Q

What are the granular cells?

A
  1. Secretory granules that contain enzyme renin
  2. Mechanoreceptors; sense blood pressure in afferent arteriole
59
Q

What are the extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A
  1. Interconnected with gap junctions
  2. May pass signals between macula densa and granular cells

Physiology (22 decks)

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