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Physiology > Ch 22: Respiratory Part 1 > Flashcards

Ch 22: Respiratory Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major function of respiration?

A

Supply body with O2 for cellular respiration; dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration

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2
Q

What are the 4 respiration processes?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Transport
  4. Internal respiration
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3
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Movement of air into and out of lungs

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4
Q

What is external respiration?

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood

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5
Q

What is the transport process of respiration?

A

O2 and CO2 in blood

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6
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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7
Q

What are the major organs of respiratory system?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and their branches
Lungs and alveoli

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8
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Site of gas exchange

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9
Q

What are the structures of the respiratory zone?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Areolar ducts
  3. Alveoli
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10
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

Conducts to gas exchange sites, cleanses, warms, humidifies air

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the diaphragm?

A

Promote ventilation

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12
Q

Describe the pathway from air passages to respiratory zone

A

Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching → bronchial tree → tips of bronchial tree → conducting zone structures → respiratory zone structures

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13
Q

Where does the trachea enter into?

A

Right and left main bronchi to hilium

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14
Q

What is the difference between lobar and segmental bronchi?

A

Lobar: supply one lobe

Segmental: divide repeatedly

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15
Q

What structures do the bronchus branches become?

A

Bronchioles

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16
Q

Describe the passage of air from terminal bronchioles to alveolar sacs

A

Terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs

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17
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

Cluster of alveolar sacs that is the site of gas exchange

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18
Q

How many alveoli are in the lungs?

A

300 million

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19
Q

What is the purpose of alveolar and capillary walls in fused basement membranes?

A

Gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion

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20
Q

What is Type 1 alveolar cells?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium

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21
Q

What is the purpose of type 2 alveolar cell?

A

Secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

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22
Q

What connects to adjacent alveoli?

A

Alveolar pores

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23
Q

What is the purpose of alveolar macrophages?

A

Keep alveolar surfaces sterile

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24
Q

What is the purpose of alveolar pores?

A

Equalize air pressure throughout lung

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25
Q

What are components of the lungs?

A
  1. Apex
  2. Base
  3. Hilium
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26
Q

Which lung is the smallest?

A

Left

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27
Q

What are lobules?

A

Smallest subdivisions visible to the naked eye served by the bronchioles and branches

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28
Q

How many lobules are in each lung?

A

Right: 3

Left: 2

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29
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Low pressure, high volume

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30
Q

What is the purpose of pulmonary arteries?

A

Deliver systemic venous blood to lungs for oxygenation

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31
Q

What is the purpose for pulmonary veins?

A

Carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to heart

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32
Q

What enzyme is carried in the lungs to activate blood pressure hormone?

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

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33
Q

What is the purpose of bronchial arteries?

A

Provides oxygenated blood to lung tissues

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34
Q

Are bronchial arteries pulmonary or systemic?

A

Systemic

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35
Q

What is the purpose of bronchial veins?

A

Anastomose with pulmonary veins that carry venous blood back to heart

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36
Q

What is the pleurae?

A

Thin, doubled-layers serosa that divides the thoracic cavity into 2 pleural compartments

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37
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

On the thoracic wall superior face of diaphragm, around heart, between lungs

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38
Q

What is visceral pleura?

A

External lung surface

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39
Q

What is pleural fluid?

A

Fills pleural cavity providing lubrication and surface tension used to assist expansion and recoil

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40
Q

What is the difference between inspiration and expiration?

A

In: gases flow into lungs

Ex: gases exit lungs

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41
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by air surrounding body

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42
Q

What is the average atmospheric pressure?

A

760mmHg = 1atm

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43
Q

What is negative respiratory pressure?

A

Less than Patm

44
Q

What is positive respiratory pressure?

A

Greater than Patm

45
Q

What is zero respiratory pressure?

A

equal to Patm

46
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A
  1. Pressure in alveoli
  2. Fluctuates with breathing
  3. Always eventually equalizes with Patm
47
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A
  1. Pressure in pleural cavity
  2. Fluctuates with breathing
  3. Always negative
  4. Fluid level must be minimal
48
Q

What are the opposing forces caused by promoting lung collapse?

A
  1. Elastic recoil of lungs decreases lung size
  2. Surface tension of alveolar fluid reduces alveolar size
49
Q

What is the opposing force that cause enlarged lungs?

A

Elasticity of chest wall pulls thorax outward

50
Q

What is purpose of transpulmonary pressure?

A

Keeps airways open, the greater the pressure the larger the lungs

51
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles causing of alveoli

52
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Air in pleural cavity

53
Q

How is pneumothorax treated?

A

Treated by removing air with chest tubes → lung reinflates

54
Q

What are the mechanical processes that depend on volume changes?

A

Volume change → Pressure changes

Pressure changes → gasses flow to equalize pressure

55
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Relationship between pressure and volume of gas, Proportional

56
Q

What occurs during the active process of inspiration?

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles contract
  2. Thoracic volume increases → Intrapulmonary pressure drops
  3. Intrapulmonary volume increases
  4. Air flow into lungs by a pressure gradient
57
Q

What is forced inspiration?

A

Vigorous exercise, COPD → accessory muscles → further increase in thoracic cage size

58
Q

What is the passive process of inspiration?

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles relax
  2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases–
  3. Elastic lungs recoil and intrapulmonary volume decreases → pressure increases (Ppul rises to +1 mm Hg)
  4. Air flows out of lungs
59
Q

What is forced expiration?

A

Active process uses abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

60
Q

What are the 3 physical factors that influence the ease of air passage and the amount of energy required for ventilation?

A
  1. Airway resistance
  2. Alveolar surface tension
  3. Lung compliance
61
Q

What is friction?

A

Major-non elastic source of resistance to gas flow occurring in the airways

62
Q

Why is airway resistance considered insignificant?

A

Large airway diameters in first part of conducting zone

Progressive branching of airways as get smaller, increasing total cross-sectional area

Resistance greatest in medium-sized bronchi

63
Q

Why does resistance disappear are terminal bronchioles?

A

Diffusion drives gas movement

64
Q

What occurs when there is sever constriction to obstruction of bronchioles?

A

Prevent life sustaining ventilation

Acute asthma attacks, stops ventilation

65
Q

What is purpose for epinephrine in regards to bronchioles?

A

Dilates bronchioles reducing air resistance

66
Q

What is the purpose for surface tension in the lungs?

A

Attracts liquid molecules to one another at gas liquid interface

67
Q

How does water provide surface tension?

A

Coats alveolar walls → reduces them to smallest size

68
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

69
Q

What is surfactant compared of?

A

Detergent-like lipid and protein complex produced by type II alveolar cells

70
Q

What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Alveoli collapse after each breath

71
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Measure of change in lung volume that occurs with given change in trans pulmonary pressure

72
Q

What causes lung compliance?

A
  1. Distensibility of lung tissue
  2. Surfactant that decreases alveolar surface tension
73
Q

What diminishes lung compliance?

A
  1. Nonelastic scar tissue replacing lung tissue
  2. Reduced production of surfactant
  3. Decreased flexibility of thoracic cage
74
Q

What factors decrease total compliance of the lungs?

A
  1. Deformities of thorax
  2. Ossification of costal cartilage
  3. Paralysis of intercostal muscles
75
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

76
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume of inspiration

77
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration

78
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after a forced expiration

79
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

No contribution to gas exchange

Air remaining in passageways

80
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Non-fucntional alveoli due to collapse or obstruction

81
Q

What is total dead space?

A

Sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space

82
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Total amount of gas flow into or out of respiratory tract in one minute

83
Q

What is alveolar ventilation rate?

A

Flow of gases into and out of alveoli during a particular time

84
Q

What are non respiratory movements?

A

Voluntary, modifies normal respiratory rhythm

85
Q

What are examples of non respiratory air movements?

A
  1. Cough
  2. Sneeze
  3. Crying
  4. Laughing
  5. Hiccups
  6. Yawns
86
Q

What is the difference between external and internal respiration?

A

E: Diffusion of gases in lungs

I: Diffusion of gases at body tissues

87
Q

What is involved during external and internal respiration?

A
  1. Physical properties of gases
  2. Composition of alveolar gases
88
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

Total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of pressures exerted by each gas

89
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by each gas in mixture

Directly proportional to its percentage in mixture

90
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

When gas mixtures con into contact with liquid:

  1. Each gas dissolves in proportion to its partial pressure
91
Q

What are the 2 phases that are equal to partial pressure?

A
  1. Solubility
  2. Temperature
92
Q

Where does the gas in alveoli come from?

A
  1. Gas exchanges in lungs
  2. Humidification of air
  3. Mixing of alveolar gas with each breath
93
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membrane

94
Q

What influences external respiration?

A
  1. Thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
  2. Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
  3. Ventilation-perfusion coupling
95
Q

How does thickness assist external respiration?

A

Thicken if lungs become waterlogged and edematous → gas exchange inadequate

96
Q

What is the purpose for large surface area of the lungs?

A

Increase gas exchange

97
Q

What are factors that reduce surface area?

A

Emphysema, tumors, infammation, mucus

98
Q

What is the Po2 of venous blood?

A

40 mmHg

99
Q

What is the alveolar Po2?

A

104 mmHg

Drives oxygen flow to blood

100
Q

What is the partial pressure gradient for CO2 in lungs less steep?

A
  1. Venous blood: 45mmHg
  2. Alveolar: 40 mmHg
101
Q

What occurs when the partial pressure gradient is not steep?

A

CO2 diffuses in qual amounts with oxygen, 20x more soluble in plasma than O2

102
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Blood flow reaching alveoli

103
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Amount of gas reaching alveoli

104
Q

What is the relationship between ventilation and perfusion?

A

Never balanced for all alveoli due to regional variations due to gravity and some alveolar ducts are plugged with mucus

105
Q

When would Po2 in alveoli change diameter of arterioles?

A
  1. Where alveolar O2 is high, arterioles dilate
  2. Where alveolar O2 is low, arteriole constrict
  3. Directs most blood where alveolar oxygen is high
106
Q

When would Pco2 in alveoli cause changes in diameters of bronchioles?

A
  1. Where alveolar CO2 is high, bronchioles dilate
  2. Where alveolar CO2 is low, bronchioles constrict
  3. Allows elimination of CO2 more rapidly

Physiology (22 decks)

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