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Physiology > Ch 22: Respiratory Part 2 > Flashcards

Ch 22: Respiratory Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Capillary gas exchange in body tissues

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2
Q

Describe the molecular O2 in the blood

A

1.5% dissolved in plasma
98.5% loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin

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3
Q

What is the term for hemoglobin-O2 combination?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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4
Q

What is the term when hemoglobin releases O2?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

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5
Q

What make a fully saturated Hb?

A

4 heme groups that carry O2

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6
Q

What makes a Hb partially saturated?

A

1-3 hemes with O2

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7
Q

What happens when the Hb affinity for O2 increases?

A

O2 binds

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8
Q

What happens when the Hb affinity for O2 decreases?

A

O2 released

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9
Q

What factors effect the rate of loading and unloading of O2 regulation for delivery to cells?

A
  1. Po2
  2. Temperature
  3. Blood pH
  4. Pco2
  5. Concentration of BPG
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10
Q

Describe the influence of Po2 on hemoglobin saturation

A

According to the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve, hemoglobin saturation plotted against Po2 creating an S curve

Binding and release of O2 influenced by Po2

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11
Q

What is the Hb saturation in arterial blood?

A

98%

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12
Q

What is the Hb saturation in venous blood?

A

75%

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13
Q

What is a venous reserve?

A

Oxygen remaining in venous blood

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14
Q

What happens in the factors influencing hemoglobin saturation increases?

A
  1. Modify structure of hemoglobin; decrease its affinity for O2
  2. Shift O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve to right
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15
Q

What happens in the factors influencing hemoglobin saturation decrease?

A
  1. Shifts curve to the left
    2, Decreases O2 unloading from blood
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16
Q

What occurs when the cells metabolize glucose and use O2?

A
  1. Pco2 and H+ increase in capillary blood
  2. Declining blood pH and increasing Pco2
  3. Heat production increases -> directly and indirectly decreases Hb affinity for O2 -> increased O2 unloading to active tissues
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17
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Hb-O2 bond weakens and oxygen unloading where needed most

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18
Q

What are the 3 forms CO2 is transported in the blood?

A
  1. 7 to 10% dissolved in plasma
  2. 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
  3. 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) in plasma
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19
Q

What enzyme catalyzes CO2 + H2O -> carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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20
Q

What occurs in systemic capillaries?

A

HCO3– quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma

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21
Q

When would a chloride shift occur in systemic capillaries?

A

Outrush of HCO3– from RBCs balanced as Cl– moves into RBCs from plasma

22
Q

What occurs in the pulmonary capillaries?

A
  1. HCO3– moves into RBCs (while Cl- move out); binds with H+ to form H2CO3
  2. H2CO3 split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water
  3. CO2 diffuses into alveoli
23
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

Amount of CO2 transported affected by Po2:
1. Reduced hemoglobin (less oxygen saturation) forms carbaminohemoglobin and buffers H+ more easily ->
2. Lower Po2 and hemoglobin saturation with O2; more CO2 carried in blood

24
Q

How is carboaminohemoglobin created?

A

As HbO2 releases O2, it more readily forms bonds with CO2

25
Q

What occurs during the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

A
  1. If H+ concentration in blood rises, excess H+ is removed by combining with HCO3 -> H2CO3
  2. If H+ concentration begins to drop, H2CO3 dissociates, releasing H+
26
Q

What is the alkaline reserve of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

A

HCO3-

27
Q

How is pH and CO2 affected by shallow breathing?

A

Increased CO2 in blood causing a drop in pH

28
Q

How is pH and CO2 affected by rapid breathing?

A

Decreased CO2 in blood causing a rise in pH

29
Q

What controls respiration?

A
  1. Higher brain centers
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Neural controls in medulla and pons
30
Q

What is eupnea?

A

Normal respiratory rate and rhythm

31
Q

What are the components ventral respiratory group?

A
  1. Inspiratory neurons excite inspiratory muscles via phrenic (diaphragm) and intercostal nerves (external intercostals)
  2. Expiratory neurons inhibit inspiratory neurons
32
Q

What are the components dorsal respiratory group?

A

Integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors sending information to VRG

33
Q

What is the importance of pontine respiratory centers?

A
  1. Influence and modify activity of VRG
  2. Smooth out transition between inspiration and expiration
  3. Transmit impulses to VRG -> modify and fine tune breathing rhythms during vocalization, sleep, exercise
34
Q

What is one hypothesis that can explain the generation of the respiratory rhythm?

A

Pacemaker neurons with intrinsic rhythmicity

35
Q

How is breathing rate determined?

A

Determined by how long inspiratory center active

36
Q

How is the breathing depth determined?

A

Determined by how actively respiratory center stimulates respiratory muscles

37
Q

Why are breathing rate and depth modified?

A
  1. Changing levels of CO2, O2, and H+
  2. Sensed by central and peripheral chemoreceptors
38
Q

What occurs during hypercapnia?

A
  1. CO2 accumulates in brain
  2. CO2 in brain hydrated -> carbonic acid -> dissociates, releasing H+ -> pH drops
  3. H+ stimulates central chemoreceptors of brain stem
  4. Chemoreceptors synapse with respiratory regulatory centers -> increased depth and rate of breathing -> lower blood Pco2 -> pH rises
39
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds body’s need to remove CO2

40
Q

What is the decrease in blood CO2 levels called?

A

Hypocapnia

41
Q

What is apnea?

A

Breathing cessation; may be due to abnormally low Pco2

42
Q

How does declining Po2 affect vasodilation?

A
  1. Huge O2 reservoir bound to Hb
  2. Requires substantial drop in arterial Po2 to stimulate increased ventilation
43
Q

What is the purpose of Peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies?

A

When excited, cause respiratory centers to increase ventilation

44
Q

What mediated arterial pH?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

45
Q

How does the respiratory system controls raise pH?

A

Increasing respiratory rate and depth

46
Q

What are the influences of higher brain centers for breathing?

A
  1. Hypothalamic controls
  2. Rise in body temperature
  3. Cortical controls
47
Q

How does the hypothalamic controls affect breathing?

A

Modify rate and depth of respiration

48
Q

How does the cortical controls affect breathing?

A

Direct signals from cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls

49
Q

How does the rise in temperature affect breathing?

A

Increases respiratory rate

50
Q

What are irratants?

A
  1. Promote reflexive constriction of air passages
  2. Same irritant -> cough in trachea or bronchi; sneeze in nasal cavity
51
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex?

A

Stretch receptors in pleurae and airways stimulated by lung inflation

Physiology (22 decks)

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