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Physiology > Ch 4: Tissue > Flashcards

Ch 4: Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the epithelial tissue

A
  1. Protection
  2. Absorption
  3. Filtration
  4. Excretion
  5. Secretion
  6. Sensory reception
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2
Q

What are 2 main types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelia

2. Glandular epithelia

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3
Q

Are epithelia polar and non polar?

A

Polar

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4
Q

What are the properties of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Specialized contact
  3. Connective tissue support
  4. Avascular
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5
Q

Describe the apical surface

A
  1. Smooth and slick
  2. Contain microvilli
  3. Some are ciliated
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6
Q

Describe the basal surface

A
  1. Basal lamina
  2. Adhesive sheet
  3. Selective filter
  4. Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair
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7
Q

Describe specialized contact

A
  • Covering and lining epithelial tissues fitting closely together forming continuous sheets
  • Bind adjacent cells laterally with tight junctions and desmosomes
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8
Q

What are the 2 structures provide connective tissue support?

A
  1. Reticular lamina: deep to basal lamina

2. Basement membrane: basal lamina + reticule lamina

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9
Q

What does it mean to be avascular but innervated?

A

No blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers

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10
Q

What stimulates regeneration?

A
  1. Loss in polarity in apical or basal surfaces

2. Lateral contact

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11
Q

How is regeneration restored?

A

Nutrients

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12
Q

Which layer would face the lumen or outside environment?

A

Apical

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13
Q

What are the structural classifications for epithelia?

A
  1. Number of cell layers

2. Shape of cells

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14
Q

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia?

A
  • Simple epithelia: single layer

- Stratified epithelia: 2 or more layers

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15
Q

What are the different the epithelia cell shapes?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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16
Q

What are functions of simple epithelia?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Secretion
  3. Filtration
  4. Very thin
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17
Q

What are the functions of stratified epithelia?

A

Protection

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18
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelia?

A

Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not required

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19
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelia found?

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Mesothelium
    In kidneys and lung airsick, blood vessels
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20
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelia?

A

Secretion and absorption

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21
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelia found?

A

Kidney tubules and secretory ducts

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22
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelia?

A

Absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes

Cilia propells mucus

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23
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelia found?

A

Digestive tract. gallbladder, tubes

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24
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

A

Absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes

Cilia propells mucus

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25
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

A

Trachea

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26
Q

List the types of simple epithelia

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Pseudostratified columnar
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27
Q

List the different stratified epithelia

A
  1. Stratified squamous

2. Transitional

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28
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Protection underlying tissues subjected to abrasions

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29
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelia found?

A

Nonkeratinized forms of moist linings in esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized forms in epidermis

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30
Q

What are the functions of transitional epithelium?

A

Stretches readily increasing storage in urinary organs

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31
Q

Where are transitional epithelium found?

A

Ureters, bladders, and urethra

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32
Q

What is an example glandular epithelia?

A

Glands

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33
Q

Define gland

A

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called secretion

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34
Q

How are glands classified?

A
  1. Site of product release: endocrine or exocrine

2. Number of cells forming the gland: unicellular or multicellular

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35
Q

Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Endocrine: ductless, hormones are secreted directly into lymph and blood
Exocrine: ducts, secretions released onto the body’s surfaces into body cavity

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36
Q

What are functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Binding and support
  2. Protecting
  3. Insulating
  4. Storing reserve fuel
  5. Transporting substances (blood)
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37
Q

Describe the 2 components of connective tissue

A
  1. Have varying degrees of vascularity

2. Have extracellular matrix

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38
Q

What are the 3 structural elements of connective tissue?

A
  1. Ground substance
  2. Fibers
  3. Cells
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39
Q

What is the unstructured material that fills space of cells in connective tissue?

A

Ground substance

40
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic fibers
  3. Reticular
41
Q

Which fibers provides tough and high tensile strength?

A

Collagen

42
Q

Which long, thin fibers provide stretch and recoil?

A

Elastic fibers

43
Q

What are the short, fine fibers that give connective tissue give?

A

Reticular

44
Q

Differentiate blasts vs. cytes

A

Blasts: immature cells that secrete ground substance and fibers
Cytes: mature cells maintaining the matrix

45
Q

What are examples of blast cells?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Chondroblasts
  3. Osteoblasts
  4. Hematopoietic stem cells
46
Q

What are examples of cyte cells?

A
  1. Chondrocytes

2. Osteocytes

47
Q

What are the types of connective tissues?

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
  4. Dense regular
  5. Dense irregular
  6. Elastic
  7. Cartilage
  8. Bone
  9. Blood
48
Q

What are the functions of areolar tissue?

A
  • Reservoir of water and salts
  • Cushions organs and plays a role in inflammation
  • Prototype cells
49
Q

What’s the term when areolar tissue soaks up fluid when inflamed?

A

Edema

50
Q

What are components of an areolar matrix?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and WBC

51
Q

What cell initiates local inflammation response against foreign microorganisms

A

Mast cells

52
Q

What are phagocytic cells that eat dead cells?

A

Macrophages

53
Q

Where are areolar tissue found?

A

Under epithelia body forming lamina propria

54
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

Stores food for fuel
Insulation
Supports and protects organs

55
Q

What is the adipose matrix comprised of?

A

Adipocytes

Matrix is areolar

56
Q

What is the difference between white and brown fat?

A

White: richly vascularized, shock absorption, insulation, energy storage
Brown: use lipid fuels to heat bloodstream

57
Q

What are the functions of reticular tissue?

A

Supporting free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow

58
Q

What is another name for reticular cells?

A

Fibroblasts

59
Q

What the function of dense regular tissue?

A

Tendons that are poorly vascularized that withstands tensile strength when being pulled in one direction

60
Q

What is the difference between regular and irregular tissue?

A

Regular: Collagen fibers run parallel to direction of pull
Irregular: Thicker and irregularly arranged

61
Q

What are the functions of dense irregular tissue?

A

Resists tension from many directions providing structural strength

62
Q

Where are dense irregular tissue found?

A

Dermis, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous covering of organs

63
Q

What are the functions of elastic tissue?

A

Provides recoil after stretching, maintaining pulsatile flow of blood and lung inspiration

64
Q

Where are elastic tissue found?

A

Arteries, bronchial tubes

65
Q

Identify the 3 cartilages

A
  1. Elastic
  2. Hyaline
  3. Fibrocartilage
66
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Supports and reinforces, resists compressive stress

67
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Costal cartilage

68
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

It provides tensile strength allowing the absorbance of compressive shock

69
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee discs

70
Q

What is the function of bone tissue?

A

Supports and protects body structures
Stores calcium
Synthesizes fat and blood cells
Richly vascularized

71
Q

What are three cells and their functions of bone?

A
  1. Osteoblasts produce matrix
  2. Osteocytes maintain that matrix
  3. Osteons are the structural units
72
Q

What are the functions of blood cells?

A

Transports gases, wastes, and nutrients

73
Q

When is blood soluble?

A

During blood clotting

74
Q

What are the components of blood tissue

A
  1. RBC
  2. WBC
  3. Platelets
75
Q

What are the 3 muscle tissue types?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
76
Q

Are muscle cells vascularized?

A

Highly

77
Q

What are the functions of skeletal tissue?

A

Provides voluntary movement and locomotion

78
Q

What are the functions of cardiac tissue?

A

Controls involuntary controls of the heart providing circulation

79
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscles?

A

Propels substances or objects along internal passageways

80
Q

Which muscle tissue is multinucleated?

A

Skeletal

81
Q

Which muscle tissue are uninucleated?

A

Cardiac and smooth

82
Q

Which tissue do not regenerate?

A

Nervous and cardiac

83
Q

What are specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses?

A

Neurons

84
Q

What is the supporting cell that support, insulate, and protect neurons?

A

Neuroglia

85
Q

What are the 3 types of covering and lining membrane?

A
  1. Cutaneous
  2. Mucous
  3. Serous
86
Q

What are examples of the cutaneous layer?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)

87
Q

What lines the body cavities that are open the exterior?

A

Mucosae

88
Q

What is the epithelial lining called?

A

Lamina propria

89
Q

What is the layer in between parietal and visceral serosae called?

A

Serous fluid

90
Q

Where is serosae found?

A

Ventral body cavity

91
Q

What are the 2 major ways of tissue repair?

A
  1. Regeneration

2. Fibrosis

92
Q

What’s the difference between regeneration and fibrosis?

A

Regeneration: same kind of tissue replaces destroyed and restored to its original function
Fibrosis: connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, original function is lost

93
Q

What is the process of tissue repair?

A
  1. Inflammation, clotting
  2. Restores bood supply
  3. Regeneration and fibrosis
94
Q

What are the different regenerative capacities in other tissues?

A
  1. Regenerate extremely well: epithelial, bone, areolar, dense irregular, blood in tissue
  2. Moderate regenerating capacity: smooth muscle, dense regular
  3. Virtually no functional regenerative capacity: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue in brain and spinal cord
95
Q

Describe tissue changes that occur with age

A
  1. Epithelia thinning will increase
  2. Tissue repair less efficient
  3. Bone, muscle, and nervous tissues begin atrophy
  4. DNA mutations possible increases cancer risks

Physiology (22 decks)

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