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Physiology > Ch 26: Electrolytes Part 2 > Flashcards

Ch 26: Electrolytes Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of K+ balance?

A
  1. Affects RMP in neurons and muscle cells
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2
Q

What occurs if ECF of [K+] increases?

A

RMP decreases causing depolarization reducing excitability

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3
Q

What occurs if ECF of [K+] decrease?

A

Hyperpolarization and nonresponsiveness

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4
Q

What is too much K+?

A

Hyperkalemia

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5
Q

What is too little K+?

A

Hypokalemia

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6
Q

What controls K+ balance in cortical collecting ducts?

A

Regulating amount secreted into filtrate

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7
Q

What is the K+ ECF levels when acidodic?

A

Rise

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8
Q

What is the K+ ECF levels when alkalodic?

A

Fall

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9
Q

What in the most important factor of affecting K+ secretion?

A

Concentration in ECF

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10
Q

What occurs during a high K+ diet?

A

Increase K+ content of ECF → K+ entry into principal cells → K+ secretion

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11
Q

What occurs during a low K+diet?

A

Reduces it secretion

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12
Q

How does aldosterone influence K+ balance?

A

Stimulates K+ secretion (and Na+ reabsorption) by principal cells

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13
Q

What is ECF Ca2+ important for?

A
  1. Blood clotting
  2. Cell membrane permeability
  3. Secretory activities
  4. Neuromuscular excitability
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14
Q

How much of the calcium in body is in the bones?

A

99%

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15
Q

What is caused by hypocalcemia?

A

Increased excitability and muscle tetany

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16
Q

What occurs during hypercalcemia?

A

Inhibits neurons and muscle cells causing arryhthmias

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17
Q

What hormone controls calcium balance?

A

PTH

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18
Q

What are the targets of PTH?

A
  1. Bones: osteoclasts breaking down matrix
  2. Kidneys: increase calcium reabsorption
  3. Small intestine: increases calcium absorption
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19
Q

How much of calcium is reabsorbed due to PTH?

A

98%

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20
Q

What hormone affects phosphate reabsorption?

A

Insulin: increase
Glucagon: decrease

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21
Q

How much of Cl- is reabsorbed?

A

99%

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22
Q

What is the purpose of Cl-?

A

Helps maintain osmotic pressure of blood

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23
Q

What is the purpose of acid-base balance?

A

pH affects all functional proteins and biochemical reactions

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24
Q

What is the pH of the arterial blood?

A

7.4

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25
Q

What is the pH of the venous blood and IF fluid?

A

7.35

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26
Q

What is the pH of the ICF?

A

7

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27
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

pH > 7.45

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28
Q

What is acidosis?

A

pH < 7.35

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29
Q

What process produce H+?

A
  1. Phosphorus-containing protein breakdown releases phosphoric acid into ECF
  2. Lactic acid from anaerobic respiration of glucose
  3. Fatty acids and ketone bodies from fat metabolism
  4. H+ liberated when CO2 converted to HCO3– in blood
30
Q

What systems regulate H+?

A
  1. Chemical buffer systems
  2. Brain stem respiratory centers
  3. Renal mechanisms
31
Q

What is the chemical buffer system?

A
  1. Strong acids dissociate completely in water; can dramatically affect pH
  2. Weak acids dissociate partially in water; are efficient at preventing pH changes
  3. Strong bases dissociate easily in water; quickly tie up H+
  4. Weak bases accept H+ more slowly
32
Q

What is a chemical buffer?

A

System of one or more compounds that act to resist pH changes when strong acid or base is added

33
Q

What are examples of buffer systems?

A
  1. Bicarbonate buffer system
  2. Phosphate buffer system
  3. Protein buffer system
34
Q

What is the bicarbonate buffer system?

A
  1. Mixture of H2CO3 (weak acid) and salts of HCO3– (e.g., NaHCO3, a weak base)
  2. Buffers ICF and ECF
  3. Only important ECF buffer
35
Q

What happens in the bicarbonate buffer system when strong acid is added?

A

pH decreases only slightly, unless all available HCO3– (alkaline reserve) used up

36
Q

What happens in the bicarbonate buffer system when strong base is added?

A

pH rises slightly, H2CO3 supply is almost limitless

37
Q

What is the importance of the phosphate buffer system?

A

Effective buffer in urine and ICF when phosphate is high

38
Q

What are sodium salts of the phosphate buffer system are created from?

A
  1. Dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4–), a weak acid
  2. Monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42–), a weak base
39
Q

What is amphoteric?

A

Both weak acid and base

40
Q

What is the importance of intracellular proteins?

A

Most plentiful and powerful buffers

41
Q

What is the importance of respiratory and renal systems?

A
  1. Regulate amount of acid or base in body
  2. Act more slowly than chemical buffer systems
  3. Have more capacity than chemical buffer systems
42
Q

How does the body eliminate excess acids and bases?

A
  1. Lungs eliminate volatile carbonic acid by CO2
  2. Kidneys eliminate nonvolatile (fixed) acids
  3. Kidneys also regulate blood levels of alkaline substances; renew chemical buffers
43
Q

What occurs during CO2 unloading?

A

Reaction shifts to left (and H+ incorporated into H2O)

44
Q

What occurs during CO2 loading?

A

Reaction shift to right (and H+ buffered by proteins)

45
Q

What occurs when hypercapnia activates medullary chemoreceptors?

A

Increased respiratory rate and depth

46
Q

What occurs when there is a rise of plasma H+ activates peripheral chemoreceptors?

A
  1. Increased respiratory rate and depth
  2. More CO2 is removed from the blood
  3. H+ concentration is reduced
47
Q

What occurs when alkalosis depresses the respiratory center?

A
  1. Respiratory rate and depth decrease
  2. H+ concentration increases
48
Q

What is caused by hyperventilation?

A

Alkalosis

49
Q

What is caused by hypoventilation?

A

acidosis

50
Q

What is the paupers of Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance?

A
  1. Conserving (reabsorbing) or generating new HCO3–
  2. Excreting HCO3–
  3. Reabsorb bicarbonate
  4. To excrete excess bicarbonate
51
Q

Where does H+ secretions occurs?

A

PCT and collecting duct type A intercalated cells

52
Q

What does renal regulation depend on?

A

Kidney’s ability to secrete H+

53
Q

What occurs when the rate of H+ secretion changes with ECF CO2 levels?

A

Increase CO2 in peritubular capillary blood leading to the increase rate of H+ secretion

54
Q

How is alkaline reserves maintained?

A
  1. kidneys must replenish bicarbonate
  2. Tubule cells cannot reabsorb bicarbonate
  3. Must conserve filtered bicarbonate in roundabout way
55
Q

What occurs during bicarbonate reabsorption?

A
  1. CO2 combines with H2O within the tubule cell forming H2CO3
  2. H2CO3 is quickly split forming H+ and HCO3-
  3. H+ secreted into the filtrate
  4. H+ secreted, HCO3 entered the peritubular capillary blood either support with Na+ or anti port with Cl-
  5. Secreted H+ combines with HCO3- in filtrate, forming carbonic acid.
  6. The H2CO3 formed in the filtrate dissociates to release CO2 and H2O
  7. CO2 diffuses into the tubule cell, where it triggers further H+ secretion
56
Q

What is the most important urine buffer?

A

Phosphate buffer system

57
Q

What occurs during the excretion of buffered H+?

A
  1. CO2 combines with water within the type A intercalated cell forming H2CO3
  2. H2CO3 is quickly split forming H+ and bicarbonate ion
  3. H+ is secreted into the filtrate by a H+ ATPase pump
  4. For each H+ secreted a HCO3- entered the peritubular capillary blood via an anti port carrier in a HCO3-, Cl- exchange process
  5. Secreted H+ combines with HPO42- in the tubular filtrate forming H2PO4-
  6. The H2PO4- is excreted in the urine
58
Q

What occurs during ammonium ion excretion?

A
  1. PCT cells metabolize glutamine to NH4+ and HCO3-
  2. This weak acid NH4+ is secreted into the filtrate, taking the place of H+ on a Na+H+ anti port carrier
  3. For each NH4+ secreted a bicarbonate ion enters the peritubular capillary blood via a support carrier
  4. The NH4+ is excreted in the urine
59
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis and alkalosis?

A

Caused by failure of respiratory system to perform pH-balancing role
Single most important indicator is blood PCO2

60
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis and alkalosis?

A

All abnormalities other than those caused by PCO2 levels in blood; indicated by abnormal HCO3– levels

61
Q

What occurs the if PCO2 above 45 mm Hg?

A

Respiratory acidosis

62
Q

What occurs if PCO2 below 35 mm Hg?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

63
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A
  1. low blood pH and HCO3 for too much alcohol
  2. Excessive loss of HCO3-
  3. Accumulation of lactic acid, ketosis, starvation, and kidney failure
64
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

Rising blood pH and HCO3-

65
Q

What occurs if blood pH is below 6.8?

A

Depression of CNS causing coma or death

66
Q

What occurs if the blood pH is above 7.8?

A

Excitation of NS leading to muscle tetany, convulsions, or death

67
Q

How is respiration affected by metabolic acidosis?

A

High H+ levels stimulate respiratory centers elevating breathing

68
Q

How is respiration affected by metabolic alkalosis?

A

Shallows and slows breathing

69
Q

How does the renal system compensate for respiratory acidosis?

A

Renal compensation indicated by high PCO2 (causes acidosis) and HCO3– levels (indicates kidneys compensating)

70
Q

How does the renal system compensate for respiratory alkalosis?

A

Exhibits low PCO2 and high pH
Renal compensation is indicated by decreasing HCO3– levels

71
Q

What occurs during acid-base imbalances?

A
  1. Respiratory system cannot compensate for respiratory acidosis or alkalosis
  2. Renal system cannot compensate for acid-base imbalances caused by renal problems

Physiology (22 decks)

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