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Physiology > Ch 26: Electrolytes Part 1 > Flashcards

Ch 26: Electrolytes Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body water content of infants?

A

73%

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2
Q

What is the body water content of adult males?

A

60%

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3
Q

What is the body water content of females?

A

50%

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4
Q

What is the total body water amount?

A

40L

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5
Q

How much does water does the ICF take?

A

2/3

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6
Q

How much does water does the ECF take?

A

1/3
Plasma: 3L
IF: 12 L

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7
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

Water

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8
Q

What dissolves in water?

A

Solute

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9
Q

What is a non electrolyte?

A
  1. Organic
  2. Doesn’t dissociate in water
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10
Q

What is electrolyte?

A
  1. Dissociate into ions in water
  2. Greater osmotic power than non
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11
Q

What are the major ions in the ECF?

A
  1. Na+
  2. Cl-
    Except: higher protein, lower Cl- content of plasma
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12
Q

What are the major ions in the ICF?

A
  1. Low in Na+ and Cl-
  2. K+
  3. HPO4 2-
    More soluble proteins than in plasma
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13
Q

What are the bulk of dissolved solutes in ECF and ICF?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Phospholipids
    3 Cholesterol
  3. TAGs
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14
Q

What is the purpose of osmotic and hydrostatic pressures?

A

Regulate continuous exchange and mixing of fluids

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15
Q

What occurs if ECF osmolality increases?

A

Water leaves cell

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16
Q

What occurs if ECF osmolality decreases?

A

Water enters cell

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17
Q

What occurs between plasma and IF across capillary walls?

A

Fluid leaks from arteriolar end of capillary, reabsorbed at venule end; lymphatics pick up remaining and return to blood

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18
Q

What occurs between IF and ICF across membrane?

A

Two-way osmotic flow of water

Ions move selectively; nutrients, wastes, gases unidirectional

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19
Q

What is water intake?

A

Beverages, food, metabolic water

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20
Q

What is water output?

A

Urine, insensible water loss, perspiration, feces

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21
Q

What is equal to water intake?

A

Water output

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22
Q

What is the normal body Osmolality?

A

280-300mOsm

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23
Q

What occurs when osmolality rises?

A
  1. Stimulates thirst
  2. ADH release
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24
Q

What occurs when osmolality decreases?

A
  1. Thirst inhibition
  2. ADH inhibition
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25
Q

What is the driving force for water intake?

A

Thirst mechanism

26
Q

What governs the thirst mechanism?

A

Hypothalamic thirst center

27
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in regards to thirst?

A

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors detects osmolality and activated by Increased plasma osmolality, dry mouth, decreased blood volume, and angiotensin

28
Q

What is the inhibitory feedback signals for thirst?

A
  1. Relief of dry mouth
  2. Activation of stomach and intestinal stretch receptors
29
Q

What is obligatory water losses?

A
  1. Insensible water loss from lungs and skin
  2. Minimum daily sensible water loss of 500 ml in urine to excrete wastes
30
Q

What occurs when ADH is low?

A

Dilute urine and lowers volume of body fluids

31
Q

What occurs when ADH is high?

A

Concentrated urine; reabsorption of water causing and increase in volume of body fluids

32
Q

What regulates ADH accordingly?

A

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors sense ECF solute concentration

33
Q

What factors other than the hypothalamus can trigger ADH release?

A

Blood volume and pressure

34
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Negative fluid balance

35
Q

What are the effects of dehydration?

A
  1. Excessive loss of H2O from ECF
  2. ECF osmotic pressure rises
  3. Cells lose H2O to ECF by osmosis, cell shrink
36
Q

What are symptoms of dehydration?

A

“Cottony” oral mucosa, thirst, dry flushed skin, oliguria

37
Q

What are some of the causes of dehydration?

A

Hemorrhage, burns, vomiting, diarrhea

38
Q

What is hypotonic hydration?

A

Cellular over hydration or water intoxication

39
Q

When would hypotonic hydration occur?

A
  1. Ecessive H2O enters the ECF
  2. ECF osmotic pressure falls
  3. H2O moves into cells by osmosis, cell swells
40
Q

How is hypotonic hydration treated?

A

Hypertonic saline

41
Q

What is an edema?

A

Atypical accumulation of IF causing tissue to swell (not cell)

42
Q

What happens during an edema?

A
  1. Fluid increase out of blood causes and increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure or permeability
  2. Decrease fluid returning to blood cause an imbalance in colloid osmotic pressures (hypoproteinemia)
43
Q

What causes an edema?

A
  1. Blocked lymphatic vessels
  2. Increases diffusion distance for nutrients and oxygen
  3. Results in low blood pressure and severely impaired circulation
44
Q

What is the purpose for salt in electrolyte balance?

A

Salts control fluid movements, provide minerals for excitability, secretory activity, and membrane premeability

45
Q

What is the most abundant cation in ECF?

46
Q

How does Na+ effect osmotic pressure?

A
  1. Controls ECF volume and water distribution
  2. Changes in Na+ levels affects plasma volume, blood pressure, and ECF and IF volumes
47
Q

What is the purpose of Na+ concentration?

A
  1. Osmolality of ECF
  2. Excitability
  3. Remains stables due to water shifting in and out into ICF
48
Q

What is the purpose of Na+ content?

A

Total body content determines ECF volume and blood pressure

49
Q

What regulates Na+ balance?

A
  1. No known receptors
  2. Na+-water balance is linked to BP and blood volume control mechanisms
  3. Hormonal and neural controls
50
Q

How does aldosterone regulate Na+ balance?

A
  1. Decreased urinary output increasing blood volume
  2. Increase K+ secretion
  3. Na+ is reabsorbed
51
Q

What is never secreted in filtrate?

52
Q

What catalyzes production of angiotensin II?

53
Q

What triggers aldosterone release?

A

Elevated K+ levels in ECF

54
Q

What does the RAAS mechanism achieve?

A
  1. Granular cells of JGC secrete renin due to:
  2. Sympathetic NS
  3. Decrease in filtrate NaCl concentration
  4. Decrease in stretch of granular cells (low BP)
55
Q

What does ANP do to regulate Na+ balance?

A

Released by atrial cells in response to stretch and increase in BP

56
Q

What are the effects of ANP?

A
  1. Decrease BP and volume
  2. Decrease RAAS production
  3. Increase excretion of Na+ and water
  4. Promotes vasodilation
57
Q

How does estrogen affect Na+ balance?

A

Increases NaCl reabsorption (like aldosterone)

58
Q

How does progesterone affect Na+ balance?

A

Decreases Na+ reabsorption by blocking aldosterone

59
Q

How does glucocorticoids affect Na+ balance?

A

Increase Na+ reabsorption and promote edema

60
Q

What are the effects of baroreceptors?

A

Sympathetic nervous system impulses to kidneys decline → afferent arterioles dilate → GFR increases → Na+ and water output increase → Reduced blood volume and pressure

Physiology (22 decks)

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