Ch 1: The Human Body Flashcards
Define anatomy
The study of the body’s structure
What are the different focuses of anatomy?
- Gross or macroscopic both regional and systematic
- Microscopic
- Developmental
- Pathological
- Radiographic
Define physiology
Founded on physics and chemistry, physiology focus on cellular and molecular levels revealing the body’s dynamic and animated workings.
How are physiological subdivisions determines
The organ systems
Explain the principle of complementarity
A and P are inseparable where functions reflect structure
What are the different levels of structural organization?
- Chemical level: atom and molecules
- Cellular level: organelle and cells
- Tissue level: muscle tissue
- Organ level: heart
- Organ system: cardiovascular
- Organismal: human
Explain interdependency and interrelationships among organ systems
Humans are multicellular and all body functions spread among different organ systems
What are the life functions?
- Maintaining boundaries from external and internal environments
- Movement to respond to our environment
- Responsiveness to threats
- Digestion of nutrients
- Metabolism (all chemical reactions in body) to produce energy
- Dispose of wastes releasing toxins
- Reproduction
- Growth for cell division
What are the survival needs?
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal body temperature
- Atmospheric pressure
Define homeostasis
The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions
Describe what a homeostatic control system would look like
When there is an imbalance (stimulus), the receptor detect the change. Imputting info along the afferent pathway to the control center, the efferent pathway would outbut info to the effector. The effector will respond to reduce the effect of the stimulus in order restore homeostatic balance
What is the acronym SAME?
Sensory is afferent, and motor is efferent
Explain negative feedback
Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change
Explain positive feedback
Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus so response is accelerated
Examples of positive feedback
Child birth and blood clotting
Describe the anatomical position.
- Body erect
- Feet slightly apart
- Palms facing forward (thumbs away from body)
Toward the head; above
Superior (Cranial)
Away from head, below
Inferior (caudal)
Toward the front of body, in front of
Ventral (anterior)
Toward the back of body, behind
Dorsal (posterior)
Toward midline
Medial
Away from midline
Lateral
Between a more medial and more lateral structure
Intermediate
Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Proximal
Farther from the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Toward or at the body surface
Superficial
Away from body surface
Deep
List what is in dorsal cavities
- Cranial: encases brain
2. Vertebral (spinal): encases spinal cord
List what’s in the ventral body cavities
- Thoracic pleural
2. Abdominopelvic
What does the mediastinum have?
Thoracic organs
What does the pericardial have?
Heart
What does the abdominal cavity have?
Stomach, instestines, spleen, liver
What does the pelvic cavity have?
Bladder, repro organs, rectum
Cavities exposed to outside environment
- Oral and digestive
- Nasal
- Orbital
- Middle ear
What is the serous membrane (serosa)?
- Pericardium: heat
- Pleurae: lungs
- Peritoneum: abdominopelvic cavity
What are the 2 serous membranes and where are they located?
Each membrane contain a parietal (outside) and visceral (inside) layer
