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Physiology > Ch 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Ch 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three cartilage types?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
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2
Q

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

A

Collagen fibers that provides support, flexibility, and resilience

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3
Q

What are the functions of elastic cartilage?

A

Elastin that maintains the shape of structure while allowing flexibilty

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4
Q

What are the functions of fibrocartilage?

A

Thick collagen fibers that allow tensile strength for absorbing compressive shock

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4
Q

What are the functions of fibrocartilage?

A

Thick collagen fibers that allow tensile strength for absorbing compressive shock

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5
Q

List and describe seven important functions of bones.

A
  1. Support: for soft organs and body
  2. Protection: for brain, spinal cord, and organs
  3. Movement: levers for muscle action
  4. Mineral and growth factor storage: Calcium, phosphorus, growth factors
  5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis): red marrow
  6. Triglyceride (fat) storage: in bone cavities
  7. Hormone production: osteocalcin
  8. Bone can buffer acids
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6
Q

What are the 2 types of bone texures?

A
  1. Compact

2. Spongy

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7
Q

Describe the structure of irregular and flat bones

A
  1. Thin plates fo spongy bone (diploë) covered by compact bone
  2. No shaft or epiphyses
  3. No marrow cavity
  4. Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces
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8
Q

Decribe the structue of long bones

A

Contains tubular diaphysis and epiphyses separated by an epiphyseal line

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9
Q

Where is red marrow found?

A

In trabelular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones

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10
Q

What are the 5 major cells of bone tissue?

A
  • Osteogenic cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Bone lining cells
  • Osteoclasts
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11
Q

What is another name for osteogenic cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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12
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A
  • Mitotically active stem cells in peristeum and endosteum

- Can become osteoblasts or bone lining cells

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13
Q

What are osteoblast?

A

Bone forming cells that are actively mitotic and secrete unmineralized bone matrix

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14
Q

What is another name for bone matrix?

A

Osteoid

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15
Q

What are osteocytes?

A
  • Mature bone cells in lacunae that maintain the bone matrix

- Senses stress or strain to regulate bone remodeling

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16
Q

What are bone-lining cells?

A

Flat surface cells that assist the maintenance of the matrix

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17
Q

What’s the difference between periosteal and endosteal cells?

A

Periosteal: external bone surface

Endosteal cells: internal bone surface

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18
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • Derived from hematopoietic stem cells that became macrophages
  • Assists with bone resorption
  • Rests in resoption bay and has ruffled borders
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19
Q

What are the organic components of bones?

A

Cells, osteoid, and collagen

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20
Q

What are organic components of bones for?

A

Provide structure, tensile strength, and flexibility

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21
Q

Describe what a sacrificial bond is

A

Bonds in or between collagen that provide resiliency to the bone by stretching and breaking easily to dissipate energy and prevent fractures

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22
Q

Are sacrificial bond permanent?

A

Bonds re-form

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23
Q

What is an example of inorganic compounds in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

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24
Q

What are hydroxyapatites’ function?

A

Tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers that is responsible for hardness and resistance to compression

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of postnatal bone growth?

A
  • Interstitial (longitudinal) growth

- Appositional growth

26
Q

What is the difference between interstitial and appositional growth?

A

Inter: increase in long bone length and occurs at the growth plate
App: increase in bone thickness and width

27
Q

Describe the process of epiphyseal plate closure

A
  1. Bone lengthening ceases
  2. Epiphysis and diaphysis fuse
  3. Female: 18, Male: 21
28
Q

How does the bone widen by appositional growth?

A
  1. Osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone
  2. Osteoclasts remove bone on endosteal surface
29
Q

What are the hormones that promote bone growth?

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Testosterone and estrogens
30
Q

How does growth hormone promote bone growth?

A

Stimulates epiphyseal plate activity

31
Q

How does thyroid hormone promote bone growth?

A

Modulates activity of growth hormone

32
Q

How does testosterone and estrogen promote bone growth?

A
  • Promote adolescent growth spurts

- Ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate

33
Q

What are some elements of bone homeostatsis?

A
  1. Recycling 5-7% of bone mass each week
  2. Older bone becomes more brittle
  3. Bone remodeling and bone repair
34
Q

How often in spongy bone replace?

35
Q

How often is compact bone replaced?

36
Q

How is bone remodeling homeostatic?

A

Bone deposit and resorption occurs

37
Q

How is bone remodeling negative feedback?

A

In response to mechanical and gravitational forces, a negative feedback hormonal loop for Ca2+ homeostasis is activated

37
Q

How does parathyroid hormone promote control of blood Ca2+?

A

Removes calcium from bone

38
Q

How does calcitonin promote control of blood Ca2+?

A

Produced by parafollicular the cells in the thyroid, it temporarily lowers blood calcium

39
Q

Explain the negative feedback hormonal loop for blood Ca2+

A
  1. Controlled by PTH
  2. Blood calcium levels drop
  3. PTH releases stimulating osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix, releasing Ca2+
  4. Blood Ca2+ levels rise
  5. PTH release ends
40
Q

What is the importance of calcium?

A
  1. Nerve impulse transmission

2. Muscle contraction

41
Q

How much calcium is in the body and blood?

A

1200-1400g; 9-11mg/dL

42
Q

What is the neuromuscular problem when calcium levels are too low?

A

Hyperexicitability

43
Q

What is the neuromuscular problem when calcium levels are too high?

A

Nonresponsiveness

44
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

When high blood calcium deposits calcium salt in blood vessels and kidneys

45
Q

What are the hormones that promote blood Ca2+ levels?

A
  1. PTH

2. Calcitonin

46
Q

What are the hormones that affect bone density?

A
  1. Leptin

2. Serotonin

47
Q

What is leptin?

A

Released by adipose tissue inhibiting osteoblasts

48
Q

What is serotonin?

A

Neurotransmitter that regulates mood and sleep, secreted after eating and interferes with osteoblast activity

49
Q

What happens when a bone is poorly mineralized creating soft, weak bones and pain upon bearing weight?

A

Osteomalacia

50
Q

What disease causes bowed legs due to vitamin D deficiency or insufficient calcium?

51
Q

What occurs when bone resorption outpaces deposit resulting in spongy or porous bone?

A

Osteoporosis

51
Q

What occurs when bone resorption outpaces deposit resulting in spongy or porous bone?

A

Osteoporosis

52
Q

What are common risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

Aged, postmenopausal women
Petite body
Smoking

53
Q

What are some treatments of osteoporosis?

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Vitamin D supplements
  3. Weight-bearing exercise
  4. Hormone replacement therapy
54
Q

What are come new drugs for osteoporosis?

A
  1. Bisphosphonates
  2. Selective estrogen receptor modulators
  3. Statins
  4. Denosumab
55
Q

How does Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis?

A

Decreases osteoclast activity and number

56
Q

How does Statins treat osteoporosis?

A

Lowering cholesterol and increase bone mineral density

57
Q

How does SERMS treat osteoporosis?

A

Mimic estrogen without targeting breast and uterus

58
Q

How does Denosumab treat osteoporosis?

A

Improves bone density and provides monoclonal antibodies

59
Q

What causes Paget’s disease?

A

The excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

60
Q

What are some treatments of Paget’s?

A
  1. Calcitonin

2. Biphosphonates

Physiology (22 decks)

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